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A comparative legal study of the derivative action in South Africa, Ghana and Australia

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dc.contributor.advisor Bekink, Mildred en
dc.contributor.author Jennifer Owusu-Akyaw
dc.date.accessioned 2026-04-11T07:20:51Z
dc.date.available 2026-04-11T07:20:51Z
dc.date.issued 2025-11-01
dc.identifier.uri https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32357
dc.description Summary in English and Afrikaans en
dc.description.abstract The derivative action, as practised in many jurisdictions worldwide, is a remedy by which a shareholder in a company (generally a minority shareholder) institutes legal action to protect the rights and interests of the company. Under the predominantly English law-based common law in South Africa, Ghana and Australia, the company is deemed a separate entity independent of all its stakeholders, which can sue and be sued in its corporate name. Decision-making within the company generally takes the form of a majority decision by the company’s shareholders. The minority shareholders are consequently subject to the decisions of the majority shareholders and the company’s directors. The courts are generally reluctant to interfere in the internal management of companies. This, therefore, offers restricted protection to the company and minority shareholder rights where the majority shareholders decline to act against the company’s wrongdoers on behalf of the company, or where the majority shareholders or directors are themselves the wrongdoers. The common-law derivative action is a remedy by which a shareholder in the company (generally a minority shareholder(s)) may institute legal proceedings to protect the rights and interests of the company. The common-law derivative action has several flaws. It has been plagued by uncertainty, procedural weaknesses, and the high cost of litigation. As a result, a number of leading jurisdictions, including South Africa, Ghana and Australia have revised their legal rules relating to the derivative action. Section 165 of the Companies Act 2008 is frequently referred to as South Africa’s statutory derivative action and has completely replaced the common-law derivative action and the derivative action under section 266 of the Companies Act 1973. Although there have been important court judgments clarifying the key features of section 165 of the Companies Act 2008, certain weaknesses can still be identified under the section. Ghana for a long time depended on the common-law derivative action with its attendant flaws, vagueness, procedural irregularities, and uncertainties. However, on 2 August 2019, the Companies Act 2019 was passed which specifically provides for a statutory derivative action in terms of sections 201 to 204. The Ghanaian statutory derivative action is relatively new in comparison with that of South Africa and Australia. Before 2000, the Australian derivative action had traditionally been enforced in terms of the common law. The Corporations Act 2001 in Part 2F.1A under sections 236 to 242 finally provided for a statutory derivative action in Australia. It came into force on 13 March 2000 through the promulgation of the Corporate Law Economic Reform Program Act 1999 (CLERP Act 1999). This thesis examines the statutory derivative action under South African, Ghanaian and Australian company law. The thesis will highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the South African statutory derivation action in section 165 of the Companies Act 2008 in comparison with the strengths and weaknesses of section 201 of the Companies Act 2019 and sections 236 to 242 of the Corporations Act 2001. The purpose is to identify important lessons that South Africa, Ghana and Australia can learn from each other to resolve their weaknesses. The thesis provides recommendations for each of the three jurisdictions. The recommendations will be based on the important lessons that can be learned from the key features of the laws of each jurisdiction. en
dc.description.abstract Die afgeleide aksie, soos dit in baie jurisdiksies wêreldwyd beoefen word, is 'n remedie waardeur 'n aandeelhouer in 'n maatskappy (gewoonlik 'n minderheidsaandeelhouer) regstappe instel om die regte en belange van die maatskappy te beskerm. Ingevolge die oorwegend Engelse regsgebaseerde gemenereg in Suid-Afrika, Ghana en Australië, word die maatskappy as 'n afsonderlike entiteit onafhanklik van al sy belanghebbendes beskou, wat in sy korporatiewe naam kan dagvaar en gedagvaar word. Besluitneming binne die maatskappy neem gewoonlik die vorm aan van 'n meerderheidsbesluit deur die maatskappy se aandeelhouers. Die minderheidsaandeelhouers is gevolglik onderhewig aan die besluite van die meerderheidsaandeelhouers en die maatskappy se direkteure. Die howe is oor die algemeen huiwerig om in te meng in die interne bestuur van maatskappye. Dit bied dus beperkte beskerming aan die maatskappy en minderheidsaandeelhouerregte waar die meerderheidsaandeelhouers weier om namens die maatskappy teen die maatskappy se oortreders op te tree, of waar die meerderheidsaandeelhouers of direkteure self die oortreders is. Die gemeenregtelike afgeleide aksie is 'n remedie waardeur 'n aandeelhouer in die maatskappy (gewoonlik 'n minderheidsaandeelhouer(s)) regstappe kan instel om die regte en belange van die maatskappy te beskerm. Die gemeenregtelike afgeleide aksie het verskeie gebreke. Dit word geteister deur onsekerheid, prosedurele swakhede en die hoë koste van litigasie. Gevolglik het 'n aantal toonaangewende jurisdiksies, insluitend Suid-Afrika, Ghana en Australië, hul regsreëls met betrekking tot die afgeleide aksie hersien. Artikel 165 van die Maatskappywet 2008 word gereeld na verwys as Suid-Afrika se statutêre afgeleide aksie en het die gemeenregtelike afgeleide aksie en die afgeleide aksie kragtens artikel 266 van die Maatskappywet 1973 heeltemal vervang. Alhoewel daar belangrike hofuitsprake was wat die belangrikste kenmerke van artikel 165 van die Maatskappywet 2008 verduidelik het, kan sekere swakhede steeds onder die artikel geïdentifiseer word. Ghana was lank afhanklik van die gemeenregtelike afgeleide aksie met sy gepaardgaande gebreke, vaagheid, prosedurele onreëlmatighede en onsekerhede. Maar, op 2 Augustus 2019 is die Maatskappywet 2019 aangeneem, wat spesifiek voorsiening maak vir 'n statutêre afgeleide aksie ingevolge artikels 201 tot 204. Die Ghanese statutêre afgeleide aksie is relatief nuut in vergelyking met dié van Suid-Afrika en Australië. Voor 2000 is die Australiese afgeleide aksie tradisioneel afgedwing ingevolge die gemenereg. Die Korporasiewet 2001 in Deel 2F.1A onder artikels 236 tot 242 het uiteindelik voorsiening gemaak vir 'n statutêre afgeleide aksie in Australië. Dit het op 13 Maart 2000 in werking getree deur die promulgering van die Korporatiewe Reg Ekonomiese Hervormingsprogramwet 1999 (CLERP-wet 1999). Hierdie tesis ondersoek die statutêre afgeleide aksie onder Suid-Afrikaanse, Ghanese en Australiese maatskappyreg. Die tesis sal die sterk- en swakpunte van die Suid-Afrikaanse statutêre afleidingsaksie in artikel 165 van die Maatskappywet 2008 uitlig in vergelyking met die sterk- en swakpunte van artikel 201 van die Maatskappywet 2019 en artikels 236 tot 242 van die Korporasiewet 2001. Die doel is om belangrike lesse te identifiseer wat Suid-Afrika, Ghana en Australië by mekaar kan leer om hul swakpunte op te los. Die tesis verskaf aanbevelings vir elk van die drie jurisdiksies. Die aanbevelings sal gebaseer wees op die belangrike lesse wat geleer kan word uit die sleutelkenmerke van die wette van elke jurisdiksie. af
dc.format.extent 1 online resource (xv, 268 leaves) en
dc.language.iso en en
dc.subject Statutory derivative action en
dc.subject Common-law derivative action en
dc.subject Minority shareholders en
dc.subject Majority shareholders en
dc.subject South Africa en
dc.subject Ghana en
dc.subject Australia en
dc.subject Section 266 of the Companies Act 61 of 1973 en
dc.subject Section 165 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 en
dc.subject Companies Act 1963 en
dc.subject Companies Act 2019 of Ghana en
dc.subject Corporations Act 2001 of Australia en
dc.subject Jurisdiction en
dc.subject Directors en
dc.subject Wrongdoers en
dc.subject Defendants en
dc.subject Proceedings en
dc.subject Rights en
dc.subject Interests en
dc.subject Strengths en
dc.subject Weaknesses en
dc.subject Litigation en
dc.subject Leave en
dc.subject.lcsh Corporate law -- South Africa en
dc.subject.lcsh Corporate law – Ghana en
dc.subject.lcsh Corporate law -- Australia en
dc.subject.lcsh Stockholders -- South Africa en
dc.subject.lcsh Stockholders -- Ghana en
dc.subject.lcsh Stockholders -- Australia en
dc.subject.other UCTD en
dc.title A comparative legal study of the derivative action in South Africa, Ghana and Australia en
dc.type Thesis en
dc.description.department Department of Mercantile Law en
dc.description.degree LL.D (Mercantile Law) en


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