Depiction of social ills through characterisation and setting in selected Xitsonga novels: a conflict theory analysis

Abstract

Social ills such as poverty, unemployment, gender-based violence, racism, abuse, and persecution continue to affect communities despite various interventions aimed at addressing them. This study examines the portrayal of social ills, with particular emphasis on persecution, in four selected Xitsonga novels: Hlayisa by Baloyi and Mongwe (2015); I Vutomi by Lubisi (1998); Mulunguntima by Khosa (1994); and Ximintantsengele by Shabangu (2016). The purpose of the study is to explore how Xitsonga novelists represent the causes, manifestations, and consequences of persecution and other social problems, as well as the strategies characters employ to address these challenges. The study is grounded in Conflict Theory, which explains how social inequality, power struggles, and competition for resources contribute to the emergence and persistence of social ills. Adopting a qualitative approach, the study employs descriptive and exploratory research designs. Data were generated from the selected novels and analysed through content and thematic analysis. The findings reveal that persecution is represented through various forms of discrimination, marginalisation, abuse, and social exclusion that are rooted in unequal social relations and power imbalances. The novels further demonstrate that social ills are interconnected and often reinforce one another, resulting in negative consequences for individuals, families, and communities. At the same time, the texts promote values such as social justice, resilience, moral responsibility, and collective action as possible responses to these challenges. The study contributes to Xitsonga literary scholarship by demonstrating how indigenous-language literature serves as a medium for social critique, awareness-raising, and the promotion of social transformation. It further enriches the understanding of the role of literary texts in addressing contemporary societal issues in South Africa.