An evaluation of sustainable water management practices in wildlife tourism at Ngala, Limpopo, South Africa

Abstract

The sustainable management of water resources has become an increasingly prominent challenge, not only globally but also within wildlife tourism operations, particularly in water-scarce and ecologically significant regions. This study evaluates the sustainability of water management practices at Ngala Safari Lodge and Ngala Tented Camp, located within the Ngala Private Game Reserve in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Using a mixed-methods multiple case study approach, the research assessed both water quantity and water quality over 28 months (November 2022 to February 2025), supported by qualitative insights from staff interviews. Quantitative analysis included the assessment of water consumption trends, litres per bed-night, and seasonal variation, as well as compliance of drinking and effluent water quality with relevant South African standards, benchmarks and legislation. Qualitative interviews explored staff perceptions, operational practices, and organisational commitment to sustainable water management. The findings indicate that water use at both lodges remains relatively consistent throughout the study period and is largely driven by fixed operational demands rather than seasonal climatic variation. Water quality challenges were primarily linked to naturally hard groundwater and infrastructure limitations, with few physical, chemical, or microbial exceedances observed. While strong management commitment and technical interventions were evident, limited staff awareness and behavioural water-saving practices were identified as key gaps. The study highlights the importance of integrating technical systems with staff engagement and education to enhance long-term water sustainability in wildlife tourism operations.