https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30867 Tue, 05 May 2026 15:28:53 GMT 2026-05-05T15:28:53Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32083 Migration and urbanisation: assessing the provision of basic services in Havana informal settlement in Windhoek, Namibia Ntelamo, Samora Mupenzeni Urbanisation is under-researched in Namibia, with available literature neglecting pertinent issues such as lack of service delivery and its impact on the livelihoods of citizens residing in informal settlements. This thesis examined the extent to which internal migration affects urbanisation and exerts pressure on social services (water, electricity, housing, health service, education) in the most populous informal settlement of Havana, in Windhoek, Namibia. The study interrogated the level of preparedness of authorities to address the inaccessibility of basic social services in the settlement. It also reviewed the availability of incentives to minimise and to some degree regulate rural–urban migration, the source of rapid urbanisation in Namibia. The research applied the qualitative approach and used data collection instruments such as focus group discussions, interviews, observation and document review. Data for the study were obtained from 66 participants comprising community leaders from each of the five wards; females and males heading households; as well as youths from both genders. These groups participated in the focus group discussions. Officials from the municipality of Windhoek, the government and community leaders participated in the key informant interviews. Purposive sampling was applied to obtain the sample size. The dual economic theory (Lewis, 1954) and the labour migration theory (Harris & Todaro, 1970) prove that negative socio-economic trends in rural areas contribute to push factors that trigger urban migration, affecting mainly young people from farming communities who rely on agriculture. However, the study shows that the theories do not expand on the harshness of lifestyles in urban areas, especially the lack of social services. It is necessary to expand on these theories to allow an urban migrant to choose whether to continue residing in an urban area when the motive for migration is fulfilled or, alternatively, to avoid the hardships of urban life and to return to the agriculturally based economy in rural areas in events where the basis of migration is not fulfilled. Gaps exist in the literature on urbanisation in Namibia, specifically the impact of rapid urbanisation on social service delivery in informal settlements. This knowledge gap prompted the researcher to conduct this study in order to understand the dynamics of internal migration, how it contributes to rapid urbanisation and the pressure it exerts on the provision of services. The results of this study can guide and direct policy and remedial actions to address the problem. The ethnographic findings of the study confirm the negative impact of rapid urbanisation on the provision of services in the settlement. The study outcomes have the potential to show policymakers and administrators how to reverse the socio-economic inequalities in the settlement. These findings can be used to reshape, improve and implement policy to ensure a better livelihood for people residing in the Havana informal settlement.; Ho aha ditoropong ha ho batlisiswe hantle Namibia, ka dingodilweng tse teng tse hlokomolohileng ditaba tse jwalo ka kgaello ya phano ya ditshebeletso le phello ya yona maphelong a baahi ba dulang metsaneng e seng malaong. Thesisi ena e ile ya hlahloba hore na ho falla ha ka hare ho naha ho ama ho ata ha ho fallela ditoropong le ho hatella ditshebeletso tsa setjhaba (metsi, motlakase, matlo, ditshebeletso tsa bophelo bo botle, thuto) motsaneng o seng molaong o nang le baahi ba bangata ka ho fetisisa wa Havana, Windhoek, Namibia.Thuto e ile ya hlahloba boemo ba ho itokisetsa ha balaodi ho sebetsana le ho se fihlellehe ha ditshebeletso tsa motheo tsa setjhaba sebakeng sa bodulo. E boetse e hlahlobile boteng ba dikgothaletso tsa ho fokotsa le ho laola ho falla ha metse ya mahaeng ho ya metseng e meng ho isa boholeng bo itseng, e leng mohlodi wa ho ata ho fallela ditoropong ka potlako Namibia. Patlisiso e sebedisitse mokgwa wa boleng mme e sebedisitse disebediswa tsa pokello ya dintlha tse kang dipuisano tsa dihlopha tse tsepamisitsweng maikutlong, dipuisano, tebello le tlhahlobo ya ditokomane. Dintlha tsa thuto di ile tsa fumanwa ho bankakarolo ba 66 ba nang le baetapele ba setjhaba ho tswa ho e nngwe le e nngwe ya mabatowa a mahlano; basadi le banna ba etellang pele malapa; hammoho le batjha ba bong ka bobedi.Dihlopha tsena di ile tsa nka karolo dipuisanong tsa dihlopha tse tsepamisitsweng maikutlo. Basebeletsi ba masepala wa Windhoek, mmuso le baetapele ba setjhaba ba nkile karolo dipuisanong tsa bohlokwa tsa ditsebisi. Sampole ya morero e sebedisitswe ho fumana boholo ba sampole. Kgopolotaba ya moruo (Lewis, 1954) le kgopolo ya ho falla ha basebetsi (Harris & Todaro, 1970) di paka hore mekgwa e mebe ya moruo le moruo dibakeng tsa mahaeng e kenya letsoho ho susumetsang batho ho fallela ditoropong, tse amang haholo batjha ba tswang ditjhabeng tsa dihwai ba itshetlehileng ka bona ho temothuo. Leha ho le jwalo, phuputso e bontsha hore dikgopolotaba ha di atolose ho thatafala ha mekgwa ya bophelo dibakeng tsa ditoropo, haholoholo kgaello ya ditshebeletso tsa setjhaba. Hwa hlokahala ho atolosa dikgopolo tsena ho dumella motho ya falletseng ditoropong ho ikgethela hore na o tla tswela pele ho dula sebakeng sa ditoropo ha sepheo sa ho falla se phethahala kapa, ho e na le hoo, ho qoba mathata a bophelo ba ditoropong le ho kgutlela moruong wa temo dibakeng tsa mahaeng diketsahalong tseo motheo wa ho falla o sa phethahalang. Dikgeo di teng dibukeng tse mabapi le ho fallela ditoropong naheng ya Namibia, haholoholo phello ya ho fallela ditoropong ka potlako ho phano ya ditshebeletso tsa setjhaba metsaneng e seng ya malao. Lekgalo lena la tsebo le ile la etsa hore mofuputsi a etse phuputso ena e le hore a utlwisise matla a ho falla ha ka hare ho naha, hore na a kenya letsoho jwang ho potlakisang ha metse e meholo le kgatello eo e fanang ka yona ho fana ka ditshebeletso.Diphetho tsa thuto ena di ka tataisa le ho tsamaisa maano le diketso tsa tokiso ho rarolla bothata. Diphumano tsa ethnographic tsa thuto di tiisa phello e mpe ya ho fallela ditoropong ho phano ka ditshebeletso sebakeng sa bodulo. Diphetho tsa thuto di na le monyetla wa ho bontsha baetsi ba melawana le batsamaisi mokgwa wa ho kgutlisa ho se lekane ha moruo wa setjhaba sebakeng sa bodulo. Diphumano tsena di ka sebediswa ho hlophisa botjha, ho ntlafatsa le ho kenya tshebetsong leano ho netefatsa bophelo bo betere bakeng sa batho ba dulang metsaneng e seng malaong ya Havana.; Relatief min navorsing oor verstedeliking word in Namibië gedoen terwyl die beskikbare literatuur relevante kwessies soos ’n gebrek aan dienslewering en die invloed daarvan op die lewensbestaan van burgers wat in informele nedersettings woon, afskeep word. Hierdie verhandeling ondersoek die mate waartoe interne migrasie verstedeliking raak en druk uitoefen op maatskaplike dienste (water, elektrisiteit, behuising, gesondheidsdienste, opvoeding) in die mees dig bevolkte informele nedersetting, Havana in Windhoek, Namibië. Hierdie studie bevraagteken owerhede se vlak van gereedheid om die ontoeganklikheid van basiese maatskaplike dienste in die nedersetting aan te spreek. Dit ondersoek ook die beskikbaarheid van aansporings om landelik-stedelike migrasie, wat die bron van vinnige verstedeliking in Namibië is, te minimaliseer en tot ’n mate te reguleer. Die navorsing het die kwalitatiewe benadering gevolg en data-insamelingsinstrumente soos fokusgroepbesprekings, onderhoude, waarneming en dokumenthersiening gebruik. Data vir die studie is met behulp van 66 deelnemers bekom wat saamgestel is uit gemeenskapsleiers uit elk van die vyf wyke; vrouens en mans wat aan die hoof van hulle huishoudings staan; asook jeugdiges van beide geslagte. Hierdie groepe het aan die fokusgroepbesprekings deelgeneem. Amptenare van die munisipaliteit van Windhoek, die regering en gemeenskapsleiers het aan die sleutelinformantonderhoude deelgeneem. Doelbewuste steekproefneming is toegepas om die steekproefgrootte te bekom. Die tweeledige ekonomiese teorie (Lewis, 1954) en die arbeidsmigrasieteorie (Harris & Todaro, 1970) het bewys dat negatiewe sosio-ekonomiese tendense in landelike gebiede tot drukfaktore kan bydra wat stedelike migrasie veroorsaak en hoofsaaklik jongmense van plaasgemeenskappe wat op landbou staatmaak, raak. Hierdie studie toon egter dat die teorieë nie uiteensit oor hoe moeilik dit is om in stedelike gebiede te woon nie. Dit is noodsaaklik om op hierdie teorieë uit te brei ten einde ’n stedelike migrant toe te laat om te kies of hy/sy steeds in ’n stedelike gebied wil bly wanneer daar aan die beweegrede vir migrasie voldoen is, of as alternatief, om die swaarkry van ’n stedelike lewe te vermy en na die landbougebaseerde ekonomie in landelike gebiede terug te keer wanneer daar nie aan die oorsake van migrasie voldoen is nie. Daar is heelwat leemtes in die literatuur wat verstedeliking in Namibië betref, veral die invloed van vinnige verstedeliking op maatskaplike dienslewering in informele nedersettings. Hierdie kennisgaping het die navorser aangemoedig om hierdie studie aan te pak om die dinamika van interne migrasie te verstaan, asook hoe dit tot vinnige verstedeliking bydra en die druk wat dit op die lewering van dienste plaas. Die resultate van hierdie studie kan as riglyn vir beleid en regstellende aksies dien om sodoende die probleem op te los. Die etnografiese bevindings van die studie bevestig die negatiewe uitwerking van vinnige verstedeliking op die verskaffing van dienste in die nedersetting. Die uitkomste van die studie beskik oor die potensiaal om aan beleidmakers en administrateurs te wys hoe om die sosio-ekonomiese ongelykhede in die nederstting om te keer. Hierdie bevindings kan gebruik word om beleide te hervorm, te verbeter en te implementeer ten einde beter lewenskwaliteit vir mense wat in die Havana- informele nedersetting woon, te verseker. Includes summaries in Tswana and Afrikaans Thu, 01 Feb 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32083 2024-02-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32064 The plight of street vendors in Pan Africa shopping mall in Alexandra Township, South Africa Msibi, Jabulani Godfrey This dissertation explores the plight of street vendors in the Pan Africa Shopping Mall in Alexandra Township in Johannesburg. Street vendors contribute to the economy of the country, yet the government treats them with disdain. The study is descriptive and qualitative in nature. Telephonic interviews were conducted in line with Covid-19 protocols that existed at the time. Fourteen street vendors and three shopkeepers were interviewed in the Pan Africa Shopping Mall using open-ended questions. The study established that the local police force (the JMPD), is a major challenge for street vendors in that every time they are evicted and their stock confiscated, street vendors are forced to pay bribes of anything from two thousand rand to ten thousand rand (R2 000–R10 000) – depending on what has been confiscated – to recover their stock, in contrast to the city's by-law under offences and penalties which states that any person who contravenes or fails to comply with any provision of this by-law is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine not exceeding R500. Crime is another challenge street vendors face, on top of the challenge of ablution facilities which affects health and safety. The study recommends that since JMPD is an entity of government, government departments should therefore speak in one voice and avoid contradiction in their policies, vis-à-vis the legality of street trading. Some street vendors often face attack through theft, break-ins and arson. Insurance for street vendors can therefore be very important in enabling them to protect their investments, especially those who are selling high-value items. Sun, 01 Dec 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32064 2024-12-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32010 A framework for bridging the information services chasm in a rural setting without public library facilities Boloka, Mamotshabo Johanna Although people in rural communities require information on a variety of issues, there is a gap in access to information due to the lack of libraries in these outlying or peripheral areas. The inaccessibility of information is exacerbated by a lack of infrastructure, such as internet access and poor telecommunications systems. To collect data from library and information science experts and residents of the Taaiboschgroet village in South Africa's Limpopo Province, this study used a qualitative approach involving the triangulation of the Delphi technique and a narrative inquiry. Data were gathered through interviews with Taaiboschgroet village members and Library and Information Science experts from Limpopo Province (three sets of interviews with three LIS experts). The study discovered that rural people require information on a wide range of topics, including health, education, politics, farming, and social life. This information is used for schoolwork, applying for university admission, knowing which politi Sat, 01 Jan 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32010 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31790 A sustainable differentiated funding model for district municipalities in the Republic of South Africa Manuel, Lindokuhle Bafana Gift District municipalities in the Republic of South Africa play a crucial role in advancing sustainable development and safeguarding socio-economic rights through the delivery of basic social goods in accordance with the Constitution. Despite this, district municipalities cannot meet specific legal obligations without proper funding, which can be sourced from self-generated municipal revenue and intergovernmental transfer grants. A substantial body of literature points to the financial struggles of many district municipalities, largely attributed to the ineffective nature of their current funding model, that has been overlooked for the past decade. Therefore, this research study was conducted to delve into and bridge the important gap caused by the lack of a suitable funding model for district municipalities. This research study utilised the census approach to focus on all district municipalities (units of analysis) and chosen municipal officials (units of observations) as the target population. The main goal was to address two key questions: 1) can the conclusions of existing literature on the current funding system for district municipalities be validated to identify areas for enhancement? and 2) is it possible to develop a sustainable varied funding model that will improve the financial condition of district municipalities in South Africa to more effectively meet specific legal responsibilities? The study utilised a pragmatic philosophical approach and a mixed methods research framework to investigate the two primary research questions. Both primary and secondary data were gathered simultaneously, using self-administered questionnaires and audited annual financial statements from district municipalities. The raw primary data that was gathered was examined using inductive content analysis, multiple correspondence analysis and Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. Secondary data was scrutinised through the use of panel data analysis techniques. The findings of this research suggest that district municipalities do not receive enough funding to carry out specific mandated functions, leading to a mismatch between their responsibilities and financial resources. Based on the evidence, it is advisable to update and revamp the existing funding model to aid district municipalities in meeting specific legal requirements and advancing the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals and the South African National Development Plan 2030. The study concludes by proposing a funding model that showcases a meaningful original contribution to the knowledge of accounting sciences, particularly in the area of Public Sector Accounting and Financial Governance. If the sustainable differentiated funding model is implemented correctly, it could definitely enhance the success of the District Development Model introduced by President Cyril Ramaphosa in his 2019 State of the Nation Address; Omasipala bezifunda eRiphabhlikhi yaseNingizimu Afrika badlala indima ebalulekile ekuqhubekiseleni phambili intuthuko esimeme kanye nokuvikela amalungelo enhlalo-mnotho ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsiza zomphakathi eziyisisekelo ngokuhambisana noMthethosisekelo. Ngaphandle kwalokhu, omasipala bezifunda abakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezinye zezibopho zomthetho ngaphandle kokuxhaswa ngokufanele ngezimali, etholakala emalini eqoqwa ngumasipala kanye nezibonelelo ezihlinzekwa nguhulumeni. Imibhalo eminingi ikhomba ukuthi kunezinselelo zezimali komasipala bezifunda abaningi, okudalwe kakhulu wukungasebenzi kahle kohlelo lwabo loxhaso lwezimali olukhona, osekuphele iminyaka eyishumi lunganakiwe. Ngakho-ke, lolu cwaningo lwenziwa ukuze kucutshungulwe futhi kutholakale indlela yokuvala igebe elidalwe ukuntuleka kohlelo olukahle loxhaso lwezimali komasipala bezifunda. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise indlela yokubalwa kwabantu ukuze kugxilwe kubo bonke omasipala bezifunda (ukuhlaziya ngokwezinhlaka) kanye nabasebenzi abakhethiwe komasipala (ukubuka ngokwezinhlaka) ngokwalabo bantu ababhekiwe. Inhloso enkulu bekuwukubhekana nemibuzo emibili ebalulekile: okokuqala (1) ukuthi, ngakube iziphetho zemibhalo ekhona ngohlelo loxhaso lwezimali komasipala bezifunda zingakuqinisekisa ukuhlonzwa kwezindawo ezidinga ukuthuthukiswa? okwesibili (2) ukuthi, kulula yini ukuthuthukisa indlela yoxhaso lwezimali ezothuthukisa isimo sezimali komasipala bezifunda eNingizimu Afrika ukuze kube nempumelelo ekuhlangabezeni izibopho ezithile ezisemthethweni? Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise indlela yokuthola ubunjalo besimo kanye nohlaka locwaningo lwezindlela ezixubile ukuze kuphenywe ngale mibuzo emibili yocwaningo oluyisisekelo. Imininingwane eyisisekelo neyesibili iqoqwe ngasikhathi sinye, kusetshenziswa uhlu lwemibuzo ehleliwe kanye nezitatimende zezezimali zonyaka ezicwaningiwe ezithathwe komasipala bezifunda. Imininingwane yokuqala engahlaziyiwe iqoqwe yahlolwa kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokucwaningwa kwengqikithi, ukuhlaziywa kwezincwadi eziningi ekubhalelwana zona kanye Nesofthiwe Yezokubalwa Kwezilinganiso: Ekhishwe yangeye-16. Imininingwane yesibili ihlaziywe kusetshenziswa amasu okuhlaziya imininingwane yephaneli. Imiphumela yalolu cwaningo iveza ukuthi omasipala bezifunda abalutholi uxhaso olwanele lokuqhuba imisebenzi ababophezeleke ukuyenza, okuholela ekutheni kube nokungalingani phakathi kwezibopho zabo nezimali zokuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi. Ngokobufakazi esinabo, kunconywa ukuthi kubuyekezwe futhi kulungiswe kabusha uhlelo loxhaso lwezimali esinayo ukuze kusizakale omasipala bezifunda ekuhlangabezaneni nezimfuno ezithile zomthetho kanye nokuthuthukisa Uhlelo Lwamazwe Ahlangene 2030 maqondana Nokugcinwa Kahle Kwezinjongo Zezokuthuthukisa kanye Nohlelo Lwentuthuko Kuzwelonke eNingizimu Afrika 2030. Lolu cwaningo luphetha ngokuphakamisa uhlelo loxhaso lwezimali olukhombisa igalelo eliphusile ngolwazi lwesayensi yokuhlelwa kwamabhuku ezimali, ikakhulu endimeni yokuPhathwa Kwezimali Nokuhlelwa Kwamabhuku Ezimali Kuhulumeni. Uma lungaqaliswa kahle uhlelo oluhlukile loxhaso lwezimali, nakanjani lungaba yimpumelelo Uhlelo Lokuthuthukisa Ngokwezifundazwe olwethulwa nguMengameli uCyril Ramaphosa ngesikhathi ethula Inkulumo Ebhekiswe Esizweni kowezi-2019.; Distrikmunisipaliteite in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika speel ’n deurslaggewende rol in die bevordering van volhoubare ontwikkeling en die beveiliging van sosio-ekonomiese regte deur die lewering van basiese sosiale goedere ingevolge die Grondwet. Ten spyte hiervan kan distrikmunisipaliteite nie voldoen aan spesifieke regsverpligtinge sonder behoorlike befondsing nie. Dít kan bekom word uit selfgeskepte munisipale inkomste en tussenregeringsoordragsubsidies. ’n Aansienlike literatuurkorpus dui op die finansiële worstelings van baie distrikmunisipaliteite, hoofsaaklik toegeskryf aan die ondoeltreffende aard van hulle huidige befondsingsmodel, wat die afgelope dekade oorgesien is. Hierdie navorsing is dus gedoen om die belangrike gaping wat deur die gebrek aan ’n geskikte befondsingsmodel vir distrikmunisipaliteite veroorsaak is te ondersoek en dit te oorbrug. Hierdie navorsingstudie het gebruik gemaak van die sensusbenadering om te fokus op alle distrikmunisipaliteite (eenhede van ontleding) en gekose munisipale amptenare (eenhede van waarnemings) as die teikenpopulasie. Die hoofdoel was om twee sleutelvrae aan te roer: 1) Kan die gevolgtrekkings van bestaande literatuur oor die huidige befondsingsmodel vir distrikmunisipaliteite geldig verklaar word om areas vir verbetering te identifiseer? en 2) Is dit moontlik om ’n volhoubare gevarieerde befondsingsmodel te ontwikkel wat die finansiële toestand van distrikmunisipaliteite in Suid-Afrika meer doeltreffend sal verbeter om te voldoen aan spesifieke regsverpligtinge? Die studie het gebruik gemaak van ’n pragmaties-filosofiese benadering en ’n gemengde-metode-navorsingsraamwerk om die twee primêre navorsingsvrae te ondersoek. Primêre en sekondêre data is gelyktydig ingesamel deur gebruik te maak van self-toegediende vraelyste en jaarlikse finansiële ouditstate van distrikmunisipaliteite. Die onverwerkte primêre data wat ingesamel is, is ondersoek deur induktiewe inhoudsontleding, veelvoudige ooreenkomsontleding en Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. Sekondêre data is noukeurig ondersoek deur die gebruik van paneeldata-ontledingstegnieke. Die bevindings van hierdie navorsing suggereer dat distrikmunisipaliteite nie genoeg befondsing ontvang om spesifieke verpligte funksies te verrig nie, wat lei tot ’n wanverhouding tussen hulle verantwoordelikhede en finansiële hulpbronne. Gebaseer op die bewyse is dit raadsaam om die bestaande befondsingsmodel te hersien en te vernuwe om distrikmunisipaliteite te help om te voldoen aan spesifieke regsverpligtinge en om die Verenigde Nasies se 2030-agenda vir Volhoubare Ontwikkelingsdoelwitte en die Suid-Afrikaanse Nasionale Ontwikkelingsplan vir 2030 te bevorder. Die studie sluit af deur ’n befondsingsmodel voor te stel wat ’n betekenisvolle oorspronklike bydrae tentoonstel tot die kennis van rekeningkundige wetenskappe, veral op die gebied van Owerheidsrekeningkunde en Finansiële Bestuur. As die volhoubare gedifferensieerde befondsingsmodel korrek geïmplementeer word, kan dit beslis die sukses van die Distrikontwikkelingsmodel bevorder wat deur President Cyril Ramaphosa bekendgestel is in sy Staatsrede van 2019. Abstract in English, IsiZulu and Afrikaans Wed, 13 Mar 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31790 2024-03-13T00:00:00Z