https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/25 Wed, 10 Jun 2026 12:19:09 GMT 2026-06-10T12:19:09Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32567 The implementation of employment equity : the case of the Department of Employment and Labour Makgolane, Lerato Annikie This study explored perceptions on the implementation of employment equity within the Department of Employment and Labour in South Africa, a key institutional player in promoting workplace fairness and equality. Following the transition to democracy, the South African government enacted the Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act 55 of 1998) to redress historical imbalances and provide equal employment opportunities to all citizens. The study employed a case study design and adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques to gain an in-depth understanding of the research problem. A stratified random sample of 50 employees was drawn from a larger population in the Department. Data collection instruments included structured questionnaires with Likert-scale items and semi-structured open-ended questions. The study was underpinned by the Compliance Theory, particularly the deterrence and normative perspectives, to examine how employees perceive and respond to employment equity mechanisms within the Department of Employment and Labour. The findings revealed that while there are commendable efforts toward compliance with the Act, full implementation has not yet been achieved. Participants acknowledged improvements in diversity and inclusivity but highlighted challenges such as inadequate enforcement, limited stakeholder engagement and gaps in leadership commitment. The study recommends enhanced educational programmes to promote diversity, improved resource allocation, transparent promotion criteria, and regular evaluation of equity initiatives. These strategies aim to accelerate the implementation of employment equity and foster a more inclusive public sector work environment. Overall, the study offers a critical reflection on both progress made and areas needing improvement in the implementation of employment equity within South Africa's public service.; Thuto ye e lekotse dikgopolo ka ga phethagatso ya tekatekano ya mesomo ka gare ga Kgoro ya Mesomo le Basomi ka Afrika Borwa, yeo e tsewago bjalo ka sebapadi se segolo sa setheo ka go lesolo la go ya go toka le tekatekano ya mafelong a mosomo. Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa, ka morago ga go hlongwa ga mmuso wo o kgethilwego ka temokrasi, o ile wa dira molao wa Tekatekano ya Mesomo, 1998 (Molao wa 55 wa 1998), wo o ikemiseditsego go lokisa go se lekalekane ga nako ye e fetilego le go fa badudi ba wona ka moka dibaka tsa go lekana tsa mesomo. Thuto e latela tlhamo ya nyakisiso ya mohlala, mola e amogela mekgwa ya boleng le ya boleng ya kgoboketso ya datha ka nepo ya go hwetsa kwesiso ye e tseneletsego ya taba ya nyakisiso yeo e lego ka seatleng. Sampole ya go se kgethe ye e arotswego ka maemo ya basomi ba 50 e ile ya nepiswa go tswa go baagi ba bantsi go tswa go Kgoro ya Mesomo le Basomi. Didiriswa tse di somisitswego di be di akaretsa dipotsiso tseo di bego di akaretsa dipotsiso tse di tswaletswego tseo di nago le motheo go tswa go sekaleng sa Likert, gammogo le dipotsiso tse di bulegilego tseo di sa rulaganywago ka botlalo. Dikutollo di laetsa gore, le ge go na le maitapiso ao a retegago a go obamela Molao wa Tekatekano ya Mesomo, 1998 (Molao wa 55 wa 1998), kobamelo ka botlalo ga se ya phethagatswa. Go bolela nnete, batswasehlabelo ba tiiseditse mokgwa wo mokaone wa go akaretsa bohle le go fapafapana, eupsa ba supa ditlhohlo tse dingwe tseo di lekanyetsago phethagatso ka botlalo. Thuto e sisinya gore go godisa khuetso ya tekatekano ya mesomo, Kgoro e swanetse go etisa pele mananeo a thuto go tswetsa pele go fapafapana, go netefatsa kabo ya methopo ye e lekanego, go hloma dikelo tse di kwagalago tsa go hlatlosetswa maemong, le go sekaseka ka mehla go soma gabotse ga maitapiso a yona. Ditshisinyo tse di ikemiseditse go kaonafatsa lebelo le go soma gabotse ga mekgwa ya tekatekano ya mesomo, go tsenya letsogo tikologong ya lefelo la mosomo ye e lekalekanego kudu le ye e akaretsago bohle. Thuto e fa tshekatsheko ye bohlokwa ka ga bobedi dikatlego le mafelo ao a swanetsego go kaonafatswa ka phethagatsong ya tekatekano ya mesomo ka lefapheng la mmuso la Afrika Borwa.; Lolu cwaningo lucubungule imibono mayelana nokuqaliswa kokulingana kwezemisebenzi eMnyangweni Wezokuqashwa Nezabasebenzi eNingizimu Afrika, othathwa njengenhlangano ebambe iqhaza elibalulekile emkhankasweni wokubheka ubulungisa nokulingana emsebenzini.. Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika, kulandela ukusungulwa kukahulumeni okhethwe ngentando yeningi labantu, washaya uMthetho Wokulingana Kwezokuqashwa, we-1998 (uMthetho wama-55 we-1998), okuhloswe ngawo ukulungisa ukungalingani kwesikhathi esedlule kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamathuba omsebenzi alinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zawo. Ucwaningo lulandela umklamo wocwaningo, kuyilapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuqoqa idatha zenani nekhwalithi ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi udaba locwaningo oludingidwayo. Isampula ehleliwe engahleliwe yabasebenzi abangama-50 yayiqondiswe kubantu abaningi abavela eMnyangweni Wezokuqashwa Nezabasebenzi. Amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe afaka phakathi uhlu lwemibuzo oluhlanganisa imibuzo evaliwe enesisekelo esikalini se-Likert, kanye nemibuzo evulekile enesakhiwo esakhiwe kancane. Okutholakele kukhomba ukuthi, nakuba kunemizamo encomekayo yokuthobela uMthetho Wokulingana Kwezokuqashwa, 1998 (uMthetho wama-55 ka-1998), ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho ngokugcwele akukenziwa. Eqinisweni, ababambiqhaza baqinisekise indlela engcono yokuhlanganisa nokuhlukahluka, kodwa bakhomba izinselele ezithile ezikhawulela ukuqaliswa okuphelele. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthelela wokulingana kwezemisebenzi, uMnyango kufanele ubeke eqhulwini izinhlelo zemfundo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwehlukahlukana, uqinisekise ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ezanele, umise indlela ecacile yokukhushulwa, futhi uhlole njalo ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zawo. Lezi zincomo zihlose ukuthuthukisa ijubane nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinqubo zokuqasha ngokulingana, okunomthelela endaweni yokusebenza enokulingana nefaka wonke umuntu. Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngesithombe esibucayi kukho kokubili okuzuziwe kanye nezindawo okufanele zenziwe ngcono ekuqalisweni kokusebenza ngokulingana emkhakheni kahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abstracts in English, Zulu and Northern Sotho Mon, 01 Sep 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32567 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32564 Alternative infrastructure funding models: a comparative study of Ghana and Nigeria Aidoo, Samuel Kojo This work examined the role of alternative funding models in addressing the substantial infrastructure shortfall in Ghana and Nigeria, specifically focusing on road development. The primary objective of the research was to assess how alternative models, such as public-private partnerships, crowdfunding, green finance, project finance, and asset securitisation, could address the infrastructure funding deficit in Ghana and Nigeria. Using 20-year secondary data from 2003 to 2023, the study employed multiple regression and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric models to investigate the correlation between alternative funding models and key development indicators. This was augmented by Granger-causality analyses to assess the directional impact of critical infrastructure variables on GDP growth. Through a comparative analysis, the study further examined the factors that influenced the successful adoption of these models in each country. The key findings of this research indicate that, while traditional funding models remain essential, alternative models, particularly public-private partnerships and green finance, offer considerable potential for bridging the infrastructure funding deficit. Additionally, the research identified key drivers of infrastructure development, such as per capita income, employment rates, poverty reduction, and access to electricity, which emerged as significant predictors of infrastructure success in both countries. Thus, the study emphasises that the effective execution of these alternative models could foster sustained economic growth, social inclusiveness, and environmental resilience. The study proposes a decision-making framework to assist policymakers in the effective selection and execution of various funding models. This framework highlights the need to balance financial sustainability, social equality, and environmental responsibility, offering a strategic guide for Ghana and Nigeria to achieve their infrastructure objectives in line with global development frameworks. This study makes a substantial contribution to the field by integrating alternative funding models with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It offers a clear pathway for African countries to meet their infrastructure targets under the SDGs and AU Agenda 2063, while fostering long-term economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental stewardship.; Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola iqhaza elibanjwe yizindlela ezahlukahlukene zoxhasomali lokuxazulula ukwentuleka kwengqalasizinda eGhana naseNigeria, ikakhulu ekuphuculeni imigwaqo. Inhloso enkulu yocwaningo ukuhlola ukuthi izindlela ezahlukene, okubalwa kuzo izivumelwano zokusebenzisa kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni nezizimele (amaPPP), abezokuxhasa ngemali ngokuhlanganyela, ezezimali yokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ezezimali yemiklamo nokuvikeleka kwempahla yokusebenza, zingasiza kanjani ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwemali yokuxhasa izingqalasizinda eGhana naseNigeria. Lapha kusetshenziswe imininingo eyisibili yeminyaka engama-20 – kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2003 kuya kowezi-2023 – izindlela zokubala ukwehla kokuphindaphinda kanye nendlela ye-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) ukuze kuhlolwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zoxhasomali nezinkomba ezisemqoka zendlela yokuthuthukisa. Lokhu kwenziwe ngohlelo lokuhlolwa kwesimo seGranger ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthelela oyinkombandlela phakathi kweminxa yengqalasizinda emqoka kanye nokukhula komnotho. Ngokokuqhathaniswa kocwaningo, lolu cwaningo luphinde lwahlaziya imithelela ethinta impumelelo ngokwamukelwa kwalezi zindlela ezweni ngalinye. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi, nakuba zibalulekile izindlela zoxhaso ezijwayelekile, nalezi ezinye izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulu amaPPP nezezimali yokuvikelwa kwemvelo nazo zinamandla okuvala igebe elikhona ngokuntuleka kwezimali zokwakha ingqalasizinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminxa emqoka ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda, okubalwa kuyo imali yokuqalisa umsebenzi, izinga lomsebenzi, ukulwa nobubha nokufinyelela ekuhlomuleni ugesi, kuye kwahlonzwa njengezinye zezinkomba ezimqoka ekuzuzeni ingqalasizinda encono kulawa mazwe womabili. Lolu cwaningo luphinde luveze ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokufanele kwalezi zindlela ezahlukene zoxhasomali kungagcina kahle ukukhula komnotho, ukubandakanywa komphakathi kanye nozinzo kwezemvelo. Lolu cwaningo luphakamisa ukusebenza kohlaka lokuthathwa kwezinqumo ukuze kusizakale abasunguli bezinqubomgomo ekukhetheni nasekusebenziseni ngendlela efanele izindlela ezahlukene zoxhasomali. Lolu hlaka lugcizelela isidingo sokulingana kokusebenza kwemali, ukulingana komphakathi nokusebenza kwemvelo, futhi luhlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela wokusebenza eGhana naseNigeria ukuze kufezeke izinhloso zokusebenza kwengqalasizinda ngokuhambisana nezindlela zokusebenza ekuthuthukiseni umhlaba jikelele. Lolu cwaningo lufaka isandla kakhulu emkhakheni weZezimali Zentuthuko ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zoxhasomali nezinhlelo zeMigomo Yokugcina Kahle Intuthuko (amaSDG). Luhlinzeka ngendlela ecacile ngokuthi amazwe ase-Afrika angazifeza kanjani izinhloso zawo zokuba nengqalasizinda ngokwamaSDG ne-AU Agenda 2063, aphinde akhuthaze ukukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kanye nokuzibophezela kwezemvelo.; Thuto ena e hlahlobile karolo ya mekgwa e meng ya ditjhelete ya ho rarolla mabapi le kgaello ho mafaratlhatlha bakeng sa ditlhoko tsa baahi ho Ghana le Nigeria, mme tsepamiso maikutlo e le ho ntshetsopele ya mebila. Sepheo se ka sehloohong sa dipatlisiso e ne e le ho lekola hore metjha e meng, e jwalo ka balekani ba setjhaba–poraevete (PPPs), bongata ba ditjhelete, ditjhelete tse mabapi le diprojeke tseo tikoloho e unang molemo ho tsona, ditjhelete tsa projeke le polokeho ya thepa, di ka thusa jwang ho hlola dikgaello tsa ditjhelete tsa mafaratlhatlha ho Ghana le Nigeria. Ka tshebediso ya tlhahisoleseding ya bobedi ka ho pharalla ha lemo tse 20 – ho tloha ho 2003 ho ya ho 2023 –multiple regression and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) metjha ya dipalopalo e tla batlisisang kamano pakeng tsa metjha ya ditjhelete e meng le matshwao a bohlokwa a ntshetsopele. Sena se ile sa hodiswa ke diteko tsa Granger causality ho netefatsa ho ameha ho mahareng ha dintha tse ka fetohang tse bohlokwa tsa mafaratlhatlha le kgolo ya moruo. Ka tlhatlhobo e ka bapiswang, thuto e tswella ho hlahloba dintlha tse amang kamohelo ya metjha ena ho naha ka nngwe.Tse fumanweng tse bohlokwa di bontsha hore, ha metjha ya ditjhelete ya setso e dula e ntse e le ya bohlokwa, metjha e meng, haholoholo ditjhelete tsa PPPs le tse mabapi le ho una molemo ha tikoloho, di nehelana ka bokgoni bo nahanwang bo ka rarollang kapa bo ka kwalang dikgaello tsa ditjhelete tsa mafaratlhatlha. Ha ho tlatsetswa, dintho tse bohlokwa ho ntshetsopele ya mafaratlhatlha, jwalo ka lekeno la motho ka mong ho naha kapa lebatowa, dikgahla tsa mosebetsi, ho fokotseha ha bofuma le ho fihlella motlakase, di ile tsa fumanwa e le tsa bohlokwa ho katleho ya mafaratlhatlha ho dinaha ka bobedi. Thuto e hlakisa phethahatso e sebetsang hantle ya metjha ena e meng ya ditjhelete mme e ka kgothalletsa kgolo e tsitsitseng ya moruo, ho kenyelletswa ha setjhaba le mamello ya tikoloho. Thuto e hlahisa moralo wa ho nka qeto ho thusa baetsi ba maano ka ho kgetha ka tsela e sebetsang le ho tswedisa pele metjha e fapaneng ya ditjhelete. Moralo ona o hatella tlhokeho ya ho tsitsa ha ditjhelete, ho lekalekana ha setjhaba le maikarabelo a tikoloho, e nehelanang ka maano a tataiso bakeng sa Ghana le Nigeria ho fihlella dipheo tsa mafaratlhatlha ho ya ka meralo ya ntshetsopele ya lefatshe. Dipatlisiso tsena di etsa tlatsetso e tsitsitseng ho lekala la Ntshetsopele ya Ditjhelete ka ho kopanya metjha ya ditjhelete e meng le Dipheo tsa Ntshetsopele e Titsitseng (SDGs). E nehelana ka tsela e hlakileng bakeng sa dinaha tsa Afrika ho fihlella dipheo tsa mafaratlhatlha tlasa Lenane-tsamaiso la SDGs le AU 2063, ha e ntse e phahamisa kgolo ya nako e telele ya moruo, kenyeletso ya setjhaba le tsamaiso ya tikoloho. Text in English with abstract and keywords in Zulu and Southern Sotho Fri, 01 Nov 2024 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32564 2024-11-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32563 Determining factors affecting tax evasion in the Mercosur region Ansari, Fahad Nuzair Theoretically, fiscal revenue maximisation remains the administrative goal of any country. Undoubtedly, tax evasion has reduced the government’s tax revenues and its ability to offer public goods. Moreover, tax evasion has adverse effects on a country's economic development. It garbles the overall tax system of the country and reduces the government's tax revenues through its expenses on law enforcement. Therefore, tax evasion is an important phenomenon to study, particularly in developing countries. Variables included in tax noncompliance studies are complex tax systems, tax information, penalties, reporting requirements, the probability of audit, tax rates, age, level of education, gender, income levels, and others. After reviewing the literature, it appears that existing studies yield mixed findings, which necessitate further empirical investigations, particularly in developing countries. The present study empirically investigates the sociodemographic, economic, and cultural factors as determinants of tax evasion in developing countries, particularly in the MERCOSUR region. The study employs the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) technique for the period 1990-2022. By comparing the findings of the MG, PMG, and DFE estimators, the Hausman test results indicate that the PMG is the most consistent and efficient estimator for this dataset. Consequently, the long-run analysis is based on the PMG estimator, which reveals that the age of the taxpayer, economic development, culture and democracy have statistically significant relationships with tax evasion. While the source of income from agriculture and education has a positive relationship, this relationship is statistically weak in the MERCOSUR region. A limitation of the study is that data is not easily available for developing countries, unlike those in OECD countries. Socio-political determinants of personal income tax evasion should be further explored.; Ngokwemfundiso, ukukhulisa imali engenayo yezimali kusalokhu kuyinjongo yokuphatha yanoma yiliphi izwe. Akungabazeki ukuthi ukugwema intela kuye kwehlisa imali engenayo yentela kahulumeni kanye nekhono lakhe lokunikeza izimpahla zomphakathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugwema intela kunemiphumela emibi ekuthuthukisweni komnotho kwanoma yiliphi izwe. Kuphazamisa uhlelo lwentela oluphelele lwezwe. Kwehlisa imali engenayo yentela kahulumeni ngezindleko zakhe zomthetho. Ngakho-ke, ukugwema intela kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu okufanele ifundwe, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Izinto ezifakiwe ezifundweni zokungalandeli imithetho yentela izinhlelo zentela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ulwazi lwentela, izinhlawulo, ukubika, amathuba okucwaningwa kwamabhuku, amazinga entela, ubudala, izinga lemfundo, ubulili, amazinga emali engenayo, njll. Ngemva kokubuyekeza izincwadi, kubonakala sengathi izincwadi ezikhona zinikeza imiphumela exubile, okuholela ophenyweni olwengeziwe olusekelwe ebufakazini, ikakhulukazi emazweni asathuthuka. Lolu cwaningo luhlola ngobuciko izici zezenhlalo kanye nezomnotho, kanye namasiko, njengezinto ezibangela ukugwema intela emazweni asathuthuka, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-MERCOSUR. Lolu Cwaningo Lusebenzisa Indlela ye-Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) yesikhathi sika-1990-2022. Ngokuqhathanisa okutholakele kwabalinganisi be-MG, PMG kanye ne-DFE, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwe-Hausman ikhombisa ukuthi i-PMG iyisilinganiso esivumelana kakhulu nesisebenza kahle salolu lwazi. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwesikhathi eside kusekelwe kusilinganiso se-PMG, esiveza ukuthi iminyaka yomkhokhi wentela, intuthuko yezomnotho, isiko kanye nentando yeningi kunobudlelwano obubalulekile ngokwezibalo nokugwema intela. Ngenkathi umthombo wemali engenayo evela kwezolimo kanye nemfundo unobudlelwano obuhle, lobu budlelwano buwubudlelwano obubuthakathaka ngokwezibalo esifundeni sase-MERCOSUR. Umkhawulo wocwaningo ukuthi idatha ayitholakali kalula emazweni asathuthuka njengalawo asemazweni e-OECD. Izinto ezibangela ukugwema intela yengeniso yomuntu siqu ngokwezenhlalo kufanele zihlolwe kabanzi. Amagama angukhiye; Teoreties bly die verhoging van fiskale inkomste die administratiewe doelwit van enige land. Daar is geen twyfel dat belastingontduiking die regering se belastinginkomste en sy vermoë om openbare goedere te verskaf, verminder het nie. Boonop het belastingontduiking negatiewe uitwerking op die ekonomiese ontwikkeling van enige land. Dit ontwrig die hele belastingstelsel van die land. Dit verminder die regering se belastinginkomste vir sy regskoste. Daarom is belastingontduiking 'n baie belangrike ding om te bestudeer, veral in ontwikkelende lande. Onderwerpe wat in belasting-nie-nakomingskursusse gedek word, is komplekse belastingstelsels, belastinginligting, boetes, verslagdoening, ouditgeleenthede, belastingkoerse, ouderdom, opvoedingsvlak, geslag, inkomstevlakke, ens. Nadat die literatuur nagegaan is, blyk dit dat die bestaande literatuur gemengde resultate verskaf, wat lei tot meer bewysgebaseerde ondersoeke, veral in ontwikkelende lande. Hierdie studie ondersoek sosiale en ekonomiese faktore, sowel as kultuur, krities as faktore agter belastingontduiking in ontwikkelende lande, veral in die MERCOSUR-streek. Hierdie studie gebruik die Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lags (ARDL) metode vir die tydperk 1990-2022. Deur die bevindinge van die MG-, PMG- en DFE-beramers te vergelyk, toon die resultate van die Hausman-toets dat die PMG die mees konsekwente en doeltreffendste beramer van hierdie inligting is. Gevolglik is die langtermyn-ontleding gebaseer op die PMG-skatting, wat aan die lig bring dat die belastingbetaler se ouderdom, ekonomiese ontwikkeling, kultuur en demokrasie 'n statisties betekenisvolle verband met belastingontduiking het. Terwyl die bron van inkomste uit landbou en onderwys 'n positiewe verband het, is hierdie verhouding statisties swak in die MERCOSUR-streek. 'n Beperking van die studie is dat data nie so geredelik beskikbaar is in ontwikkelende lande soos in OESO-lande nie. Die sosiale determinante van persoonlike inkomstebelastingontduiking moet verder ondersoek word. Text in English with abstract and keywords in Zulu and Afrikaans Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32563 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32562 Stakeholders’ perceptions of education department’s academic performance accountability sessions in Motheo District, Free State Province Mohokare, Sekhuthe Jim In recent years, the emphasis on accountability in education has grown, with schools, colleges, universities, and education districts being held to increasingly high standards of academic performance. The study explored the perspectives of education stakeholders on academic accountability sessions held in the Motheo District, Free State Province. The primary purpose of the study was to bridge the gap in understanding among teacher unions, CMs, principals, and Departmental Heads regarding academic accountability and to clarify the department's perspective on the notion that teacher unions hinder academic accountability. The study was guided by two theories: Viktor Frankl's existential theory and Maturana’s systems theory. Furthermore, the study adhered to the global principle of academic accountability from the perspectives of both local and international countries. The study employed an interpretivist paradigm to acquire data from participants in a qualitative approach. The research design for the study employed a multiple case study approach, allowing for the comparison of data generated through one-on-one interviews, focus group interviews, observations of events in their natural setting, and an analysis of relevant documents. The employment of various data generation methods was intended to allow triangulation of data, thereby enhancing the trustworthiness of the study. The study involved three teacher unions, four CMs, four principals, and four Departmental Heads. Thus, 19 participants voluntarily participated in the study. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic data analysis strategy to identify the themes. The study established the positive and supportive stance of teacher unions, CMs, principals, and Departmental Heads regarding academic accountability and academic accountability sessions. Teacher unions support academic accountability and would like to participate in the processes leading to it. Involved teacher unions can discuss common understandings of academic accountability and hold sessions on the topic. A working model of accountability was developed within the parameters of the theories employed, leading to the development of the noogenic-systemic approach to academic accountability. Thus, every stakeholder is accountable for academic accountability. The researcher made recommendations to teacher unions, CMs, principals, and Departmental Heads. Teacher unions and the Department of Education should collaborate to develop a policy on academic accountability. The education department should ensure that academic accountability is officially documented. School Management Teams should practice accountability within their schools, while principals are expected to hold themselves accountable for the academic performance of their schools. Tue, 01 Jul 2025 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32562 2025-07-01T00:00:00Z