https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/14523 Fri, 06 Nov 2026 06:44:57 GMT 2026-11-06T06:44:57Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/33124 Exploring the impact of psychological intervention on self-esteem and body image in post-traumatic limb amputation patients: A mixed methods study Van Der Merwe, Louise Despite the dearth of prevalence statistics regarding traumatic limb loss in South Africa, traumatic limb loss through amputation has been predominantly associated with motor vehicle accidents. Traumatic limb amputation has been described as both a physically and psychologically traumatic event. It is associated with the development of trauma-related psychopathology, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and changes in body image and self-esteem, which have been well documented. However, the treatment of posttraumatic limb amputation is predominantly associated with medical intervention, neglecting psychological intervention. This study thus aimed to 1) compare the level of body image and self-esteem in post-trauma amputee patients who have received psychological intervention, as compared to those who have not; and 2) to explore the perceptions of body image and self-esteem amongst post-trauma amputee patients. A quant-qual sequential explanatory mixed method design, underpinned by a pragmatic paradigm, was employed. Participants were recruited via non-probability sampling through Patient Advocacy Groups and the Prosthetics Medical Community. They included South African post-amputee patients as well as Healthcare professionals (HCPs) who treat post-amputee patients. The quantitative part of the study, which addressed the first research aim, included collecting data from the patient cohort through two online questionnaires: 1) The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (Cash, 1990) and 2) The Rosenberg Self-esteem (RSE) scale (Rosenberg, 1965). A t-test was used to analyse the data. No statistically significant difference in self-esteem scores was found between participants who received psychological counselling and those who did not (p = .104), although the counselling group had higher mean scores. Similarly, trauma-related amputees who accessed psychological support reported higher body-image scores than those without support, but the difference was also nonsignificant (p = .481). The qualitative part of the study, which addressed the second research aim, comprised semi-structured individual interviews with 4 posttraumatic amputee patients who had undergone psychotherapy, 3 posttraumatic amputee patients who had not undergone psychotherapy, and 5 HCPs. Qualitative insights demonstrated a shared view among patients and HCPs that psychological intervention constitutes a critical aspect of recovery and should be embedded as a standard component of post-trauma amputee rehabilitation programmes. All ethical considerations were adhered to. This study contributes to the enhancement and improvement of treatment programmes for traumatic post-amputee patients.; Ten spyte van die gebrek aan voorkomssyfers rakende die traumatiese verlies van ledemate in Suid-Afrika, word traumatiese ledemaatverlies deur amputasie hoofsaaklik met motorvoertuigongelukke geassosieer. Traumatiese ledemaatamputasie is beskryf as sowel ’n fisies en sielkundig traumatiese gebeurtenis. Dit word geassosieer met die ontwikkeling van traumaverwante psigopatologie, soos posttraumatiese stresversteuring (PTSV), sowel as veranderinge in liggaamsbeeld en selfbeeld, wat alles goed gedokumenteer is. Die behandeling van posttraumatiese ledemaatamputasie word egter hoofsaaklik met mediese ingryping geassosieer, en sielkundige ingryping word dikwels afgeskeep. Die doel van hierdie studie was dus om (1) die vlakke van liggaamsbeeld en selfbeeld onder post-trauma geamputeerde pasiënte wat sielkundige ingryping ontvang het, te vergelyk met dié wat nie het nie; en (2) die persepsies van liggaamsbeeld en selfbeeld onder post-trauma geamputeerde pasiënte te ondersoek. ’n Kwantitatief-kwalitatiewe opeenvolgende verklarende gemengde-metodesontwerp, ondersteun deur ’n pragmatiese paradigma, is aangewend. Deelnemers is gewerf deur middel van nie-waarskynlikheidsteekproefneming via pasiëntbelangegroepe en die prostetiese mediese gemeenskap. Die steekproef het Suid-Afrikaanse geamputeerde pasiënte sowel as gesondheidsorgpersoneel wat by hulle behandeling betrokke was, ingesluit. Die kwantitatiewe komponent van die studie, wat die eerste navorsingsdoelwit aangespreek het, het die insameling van data van die pasiëntkohort deur middel van twee aanlyn vraelyste ingesluit: 1) die multidimensionele ligaam-selfverhoudingsvraelys (MBSRQ) (Cash, 1990) en 2) die Rosenberg-selfbeeldskaal (RSE-skaal) (Rosenberg, 1965). ’n T-toets is gebruik om die data te analiseer. Geen statisties beduidende verskil in selfbeeldtellings is gevind tussen deelnemers wat sielkundige berading ontvang het en diegene wat dit nie ontvang het nie (p = .104), alhoewel die beradingsgroep hoër gemiddelde tellings getoon het. Net so het traumaverwante geamputeerdes wat sielkundige ondersteuning gebruik het hoërliggaamsbeeldtellings gerapporteer as diegene sonder ondersteuning, hoewel hierdie verskil ook onbeduidend was (p = .481). Die kwalitatiewe komponent van die studie, wat die tweede navorsingsdoelwit aangespreek het, het halfgestruktureerde individuele onderhoude met vier posttraumatiese geamputeerde pasiënte wat psigoterapie ondergaan het, drie posttraumatiese geamputeerde pasiënte wat nie psigoterapie ondergaan het nie, en vyf gesondheidsorgpersoneellede behels. Kwalitatiewe bevindinge het ’n gedeelde siening onder pasiënte en gesondheidsorgpersoneel weerspieël dat sielkundige ingryping ’n kritieke aspek van herstel uitmaak en as ’n standaardkomponent van rehabilitasieprogramme vasgelê moet word. Alle etiese oorwegings is nagekom. Hierdie studie dra by tot die verbetering en bevordering van behandelingsprogramme vir traumatiese post-amputasiepasiënte.; Yize kunokusweleka kokusabalala kwezibalo ezimayelana nokulahlekelwa isitho ngenxa yengozi eNingizimu Afrika, ukulahlekelwa isitho ngenxa yokunqanyulwa/ukuhlinzwa kuhambisana kakhulu nokudalwa izingozi zezimoto.Ukunqanyulwa isitho kuchazwe njengesimo esihlukumeza kakhulu ngokwengqondo nangokomzimba. Kuhambisana nokudaleka kwezifo ezihambisana nezinkinga zengqondo ezidalwa ingcindezi,ezifana nokugula kwengqondo emva kokushaqeka okukhulu (posttraumatic stress) kanye kokushintsha kwendlela umuntu azibona ngayo kanye nokuzethemba, konke lokhu kubhalwe kahle. Kepha ukulapha ukugula kwengqondo ngenxa yokuthuka okukhulu emva kokunqanyulwa isitho kuvamse ukuhambisana nokungxila kakhulu ekulapheni leyodawana elimele, bese kushiywa ngaphandle ukungenelela okugxile ekulapheni ngokwengqondo. Lolucwaningo ke luhlose:1) ukuqhathanisa idlela iziguli ezinqanyulwe imilenze emva kwengozi eziyaye zibheke ngayo isimo semizimba kanye nokuzethemba emva kokuthola ukwelashwa ngokwengqondo, ziqhathaniswa nalezo ezingalutholanga usizo lokwelashwa ngokwengqondo, kubhekwa indlela ababuka ngayo imizimba kanye nokuzethemba; luphinde 2) luhlole ukuqonda ngemizimba kanye nokuzethemba phakathi kweziguli ezinqunywe isitho emva kwengozi. Kulolucwaningo kwasetshenziswa indlela yokuqoqa amanani yocwaningo, indlela exubile ewuchungechunge oluchazayo, esekelwe izinto eziphathekayo. Ababamba iqhaza bakhethwa ngokohlelo lokungakhethi ngokwezibalo kusetshenziswa namaqembu amele iziguli kanye nemiphakathi obhekelele ukufakelwa kwamalunga omzimba. Amasampula ayehlanganisa iziguli zaseNingizimu Afrika ezinqunyiwe kanye nochwepheshe bezempilo -(HCPs) ekubalapheni.Ingxenye yobuningi bocwaningo, ebheke inhlosonqangi yocwaningo ibihlanganisa ukuqoqwa kolwazi kwiqembu leziguli kusetshenziswa uhlu olubili lwemibuzo yakwi inthanethi: 1) i- Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) (Cash, 1990), kanye 2) ne- Rosenberg Self-esteem (RSE) Scale (Rosenberg, 1965). Uphenyo nge-t-test lwasethsenziswa ukuhlaziya imininingwane. Kawukho umehluko ongako ngokwezibalo owatholakala uma kubhekwa ukuzethemba kulabo ababamba iqhaza kucwaningo futhi abake bathola ukulashwa ngokwengqondo uma beqhathaniswa nalabo abangalutholanga usizo lokwelashwa ngokwezengqondo (p = .104), yize amaqembu aluleka ngokwengqondo eveza izilinganiso eziphezulu zamaphuzu. Ngokufanayo, laba abanqanyulwe izitho ngenxa yezingozi abafinyelela kusizo lokwelulekwa ngokwengqondo kuvela ukuthi babheka imizimba ngendlela enhle kunalabo abangalutholanga usizo lokwalulekwa noma umehluko ungekho mkhulu (p = .481). Ingxenye yocwaningo olungokwemfanelo, ibheka inhloso yesibili yocwaningo, ebandakanya ingxoxo mpendulwano elungiselelwe nesiguli ngasinye, kwiziguli ezine ezinqunywe isitho ngenxa yengozi kwezathola usizo lokulashwa ngokwengqondo, kanye namalunga amahlanu ama-HCPs kuxoxwa ngokuthi usizo lwezengqondo lubaluleke kakhulu khathi isiguli silulama futhi kufanele lushuthekwe njengengxenye yezinhlelo zokuhlumelelisa emva kokunqanyulwa isitho ngenxa yengozi. Yonke imigomo ebhekene nokuziphatha yalandelwa. Lolucwaningo lufaka isandla ekuthuthukiseni kanye nasekwenzeni ngcono izinhlelo zokulapha iziguli ezinqanyulwe izitho ngenxa yengozi. Text in English with summaries in Afrikaans and Zulu Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/33124 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/33087 Sense of coherence, hope and burnout : an organisational support model for academic staff in an open distance e-learning context Lukeso, Kuyokila Patience This study developed an organisational support model (OSM) aimed at preventing occupational burnout among academic staff members in an Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL) context. It undertook a cross-sectional quantitative survey among academic staff members at a South African ODeL institution, and the sample (N=308) included respondents who differed in terms of their gender, race, age, levels of education, and work experience. The literature review established a solid theoretical foundation for the research constructs, namely burnout, sense of coherence (SOC), and hope. It served to identify gaps, inform model development and hypothesis formulation, guide methodological decisions, and justify the study’s contribution. The literature review revealed theoretical relationships among a SOC, hope and burnout, and suggested that SOC and hope represent psychological resources that may serve to buffer against burnout in various contexts. It further was evident that burnout, SOC and hope could be measured by means of standardised and psychometrically sound instruments such as the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), the Sense of Coherence-Scale (SOC-S), and the Adult Hope Scale (AHS). The literature review provided a strong theoretical foundation for applying these psychometric instruments in the study, contributing to its credibility and practical value, and laying the groundwork for the empirical study and proposed model. The components of the model featured two psychological resources, namely a SOC and hope. In the empirical study, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) served to specify and estimate the model and assess model fit. Descriptive statistics served to determine baseline levels of the research constructs, contextualise respondents’ psychological wellbeing, based on the collected data, and justify the need for an OSM. Inferential statistics, including multi-level mediation modelling, regression analysis and tests for significant mean differences, served to test the statistical significance of the hypothesised relationships among the research constructs, establish causal pathways between them, and support evidence-based organisational interventions. The results indicated meaningful causal pathways between burnout, SOC, and hope across various levels, providing robust empirical evidence to inform and justify organisational interventions aimed at enhancing academic staff members’ wellbeing. The model demonstrated an acceptable fit to the data. The path analysis indicated that sense of coherence (SOC) had a strong negative effect on burnout, suggesting that respondents with a higher SOC reported lower levels of burnout. The effect of hope on burnout, however, was not significant, indicating that hope did not directly reduce burnout but may have had an indirect influence through other psychological mechanisms. A positive association was also observed between SOC and hope, suggesting that these constructs may mutually reinforce one another. The research made a theoretical contribution to improving academic staff members’ wellbeing by empirically validating both the direct and indirect buffering effects of SOC and hope on their exposure to burnout. At a practical level, the OSM model may support interventions aimed improving academic staff members’ wellbeing in ODeL settings.; Patlisiso eno e tlhagisitse sekai sa tshegetso ya mokgatlho (Organisational Support Model – OSM) se se ikaeletseng go thibela go lapisiwa ke tiro (occupational burnout) mo badirising ba dithuto (academic staff) mo tikologong ya Open Distance e-Learning (ODeL). Patlisiso e dirisitse mokgwa wa quantitative wa cross-sectional ka go dira dipatlisiso (survey) mo badirising ba dithuto mo setheong sengwe sa ODeL mo Aforika Borwa, mme sampole (N=308) e ne e akaretsa batlhatlheledi ba ba farologaneng ka bong, morafe, dingwaga, maemo a thuto, le maitemogelo a tiro. Tshekatsheko ya dibuka e ne ya tlhoma motheo o o nonofileng wa dithuto tsa thutotlhale (theoretical foundation) mabapi le dikgopolo tsa botlhokwa tsa patlisiso, e leng burnout, sense of coherence (SOC), le tsholofelo (hope). E thusitse go lemoga diphatlha tsa patlisiso, go kaela tlhamo ya sekai le go bopa dipolelo tsa diteko (hypotheses), go kaela ditshwetso tsa mokgwa wa patlisiso, le go netefatsa seabe sa patlisiso eno. Tshekatsheko ya dibuka e supile dikamano tsa thutotlhale magareng ga SOC, tsholofelo le burnout, mme ya akantsha gore SOC le tsholofelo ke didirisiwa tsa tlhaloganyo tse di ka thusang go fokotsa kgotsa go sireletsa kgatlhanong le burnout mo ditikologong tse di farologaneng. Gape go lemogilwe gore burnout, SOC le tsholofelo di ka lekanyediwa ka didirisiwa tse di tlhomamisitsweng tsa psychometric tse di jaaka Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC-S), le Adult Hope Scale (AHS). Tshekatsheko eno e ne ya naya motheo o o tiileng wa go dirisa didirisiwa tseno mo patlisisong, ya oketsa botshepegi le boleng jwa yona, mme ya tlhoma motheo wa patlisiso ya empiriki le sekai se se sisintsweng. Dikarolo tsa sekai di ne di akaretsa didirisiwa tse pedi tsa tlhaloganyo, e leng SOC le tsholofelo. Mo patlisisong ya empiriki, go dirisitswe Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) go tlhalosa le go lekanya sekai le go sekaseka gore se dumalana jang le data (model fit). Dipalopalo tsa tlhaloso (descriptive statistics) di thusitse go bontsha maemo a motheo a dikgopolo tsa patlisiso, go tlhalosa maemo a botsogo jwa tlhaloganyo jwa batlhatlheledi, le go netefatsa tlhokego ya OSM. Dipalopalo tsa inferential, go akaretsa multi-level mediation modelling, regression analysis le diteko tsa pharologanyo ya mekgwa (mean differences), di dirisitswe go leka botlhokwa jwa dikamano tse di akantsweng, go tlhoma ditsela tsa causality magareng ga tsona, le go tshegetsa dithulaganyo tsa mokgatlho tse di theilweng mo bosuping. Dipholo di bontshitse dikamano tse di nang le bokao magareng ga burnout, SOC le tsholofelo mo maemong a a farologaneng, di naya bosupi jo bo nonofileng jwa go kaela dikgato tsa mokgatlho tse di ikaeletseng go tokafatsa botsogo jwa badirising ba dithuto. Mmotlolo o ne wa bontsha gore o dumalana sentle le datha e e neng ya kokoanngwa. Tshekatsheko ya ditsela tsotlhe (path analysis) e ne ya bontsha gore kutlwisiso ya kgolagano ya botshelo (Sense of Coherence – SOC) e na le seabe se segolo sa go fokotsa burnout, se se bontshang gore batlhatlhelediwa ba ba nang le maemo a a kwa godimo a SOC ba ne ba bontsha maemo a a kwa tlase a burnout. Le fa go ntse jalo, tshusumetso ya tsholofelo (hope) mo burnout e ne e se ya botlhokwa, e leng se se kayang gore tsholofelo ga e a ka ya fokotsa burnout ka tlhamalalo, mme e ka nna ya nna le seabe ka ditsela tse dingwe tsa saekholoji. Gape go ne ga lemogiwa kamano e e siameng magareng ga SOC le tsholofelo, se se bontshang gore dikakanyo tseno tsotlhe di ka nonotshana le go tshegetsana. Patlisiso eno e dirile seabe sa thutotlhale ka go tokafatsa botsogo jwa badirising ba dithuto ka go netefatsa ka bosupi phello e e tlhamaletseng le e e sa tlhamalalang ya SOC le tsholofelo mo go sireletseng kgatlhanong le burnout. Mo tirong ya nnete, sekai sa OSM se ka thusa go kaela dikgato tsa mokgatlho tse di ikaeletseng go tokafatsa botsogo jwa badirising ba dithuto mo tikologong ya ODeL. Abstracts in English and Setswana Wed, 01 Apr 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/33087 2026-04-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/33020 The self-concept and academic performance of learners with physical disabilities in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe Madzivanyika, B. Despite growing global focus on the self-concept of learners with disabilities, this pivotal issue remains significantly underexplored in public schools, particularly among learners with physical disabilities. Disproportionately burdened by complex psychosocial stressors that critically undermine their academic trajectories, these learners frequently endure heightened levels of anxiety, chronic stress, and clinical depression. Such pervasive mental health challenges erode self-esteem and cognitive capacity, impairing focus and motivation, and increasing vulnerability to social isolation. This study examines how self-concept affects academic achievement among physically disabled learners, highlighting its impact on both academic and social outcomes. By informing inclusive policies and interventions, it aims to promote self-actualisation and foster equitable, learner-centred education in Sub-Saharan Africa. The study is grounded in a humanistic paradigm, drawing on Carl Rogers’ self-concept theory, Allport’s personality constructs, and Harter’s multidimensional self-perception model. This study adopts a quantitative research approach rooted in the positivist paradigm to ensure a systematic, objective, and reliable investigation. A descriptive survey design was used to quantify the experiences of learners with physical disabilities in public secondary schools. A randomly selected sample of 150 learners with physical disabilities from public secondary schools was used. Public secondary schools were selected using simple random sampling. Closed-ended, self-administered questionnaires ensured ease of use, standardisation, and reliable data collection. Data were analysed using structured coding, descriptive statistics, and Chi-square tests via SPSS 11.0, which supported accurate handling of large, complex datasets. The findings reveal that learners with physical disabilities face entrenched systemic deterrents that hinder their developmental and educational pursuits. Deficits in self-esteem and negative self-concept correlate with inadequate social support and exclusion, which hinder self-concept development and academic engagement. Limited physical activity further constrains psychological resilience and hampers holistic growth, ultimately impeding self-actualisation. Conclusively, learners with physical disabilities confront profound psychosocial and academic impediments that erode self-worth, self-concept and achievement. Urgent implementation of inclusive, multifaceted interventions is essential to cultivate resilience, affirm positive self-concept, and enhance holistic success. Sun, 01 Feb 2026 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/33020 2026-02-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32988 A critical explorative enquiry of neuropsychological assessments and their utilisation in the facilitation of settlement of road accident claims in the South African courts : a study of mild traumatic brain injury Kalane, Manoke Eric Colin Background: South Africa has one of the highest rates of road traffic accidents globally, with a substantial proportion of these incidents resulting in traumatic brain injuries (TBI). Among these, mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), commonly referred to as concussion, represents a significant yet complex clinical and medico-legal concern. A large number of individuals involved in road traffic accidents seek compensation through the Road Accident Fund (RAF), either directly or through legal representation. While certain injury categories, particularly orthopaedic injuries, are generally more straightforward to assess and adjudicate, MTBI presents unique challenges. Its clinical presentation is often subtle, frequently lacking objective radiological evidence, and relies heavily on subjective symptom reporting. These characteristics contribute to ongoing debates within the clinical community regarding its diagnosis, classification, and long-term impact. Within the South African medico-legal context, MTBI-related claims are often contested, resulting in prolonged litigation processes that involve multiple expert witnesses, including neurologists, neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and neuropsychologists. Courts are required to rely heavily on these expert opinions in determining both the legitimacy of claims and the extent of compensation. However, inconsistencies in clinical interpretation and a lack of consensus regarding MTBI contribute to variability in judicial outcomes. Because of the complex nature of mild traumatic brain injuries and disagreements amongst clinicians and court officials, evidence points to disproportionate and inconsistent settlement outcomes and most notably, high rejection rates of injury compensation for those with Mild Traumatic Brain Injuries (MBTIs). Often, these outcomes contradict what is the norm for comparable mental and physical injuries The complexity of MTBI is further compounded by divergent perspectives among clinicians and legal stakeholders regarding what constitutes a mild traumatic brain injury, how it should be assessed, and the extent to which it results in persistent neuropsychological sequelae. This lack of uniformity creates uncertainty within the judicial process, where legal decision-making is dependent on the clarity, consistency, and reliability of expert evidence. Purpose: The primary aim of this study was to critically explore the contributory influence of neuropsychological assessments in judicial decision-making with regard to the settlement of Road Accident Fund claims involving individuals diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury within the South African courts. Method: To achieve the study aim, a multi-approach qualitative study design was used. Data was collected via a Three- Phase approach which combined empirical study, made up of an initial retrospective document review of patient records (Phase 1), individual interviews with a range of stakeholder participants that included clinicians and decision-making court officials (DMCOs) (Phase 2); and lastly the third phase of theory development/framework. With the qualitative data, a combination of thematic and content analysis processes was envisaged. Krippendorf content analysis approach formed the basis of the content analysis aspect and thematic analysis was based on Colliazi’s seven step analysis method. Results: The findings revealed that neuropsychological assessments play a central and often decisive role in judicial decision-making, particularly in cases where there is no clear physical or radiological evidence of brain injury. However, significant disparities were identified among clinicians and court officials regarding the diagnosis, interpretation, and perceived impact of MTBI. The retrospective review of medical records highlighted that a considerable proportion of claimants present with persistent neuropsychological symptoms consistent with post-concussive sequelae, despite classification as “mild” injuries. In addition, variability in expert opinions was found to contribute to inconsistent judicial outcomes, including divergent determinations regarding both the validity of claims and the extent of compensation awarded. These findings suggest that the absence of a unified understanding of MTBI among professionals/clinicians and court officials directly influences the variability and inconsistency observed in medico-legal decision-making processes. Implications for practice: The findings of this study highlight a lack of uniformity in the assessment, interpretation, and adjudication of MTBI within the South African medico-legal landscape. This inconsistency contributes to uncertainty among legal practitioners and adjudicating officials, who rely on expert evidence to inform their decisions. The study highlights the need for greater standardisation in neuropsychological assessment practices, clearer diagnostic and interpretive frameworks, and improved interdisciplinary alignment among clinicians and legal professionals. Establishing a more consistent approach to the evaluation and interpretation of MTBI has the potential to enhance the fairness, transparency, and reliability of judicial outcomes in Road Accident Fund claims. Key contributions made by the study: This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by advancing a structured and integrated conceptual model, the Kalane MTBI Diagnostic and Legislative Responses Framework. The framework provides guidance on the assessment, interpretation, and application of neuropsychological evidence within medico-legal contexts for for efficient assessment and evidence-based appropriation of settlement and compensation of claims for victims of MTBIs. In addition, the study facilitates a deeper understanding of the complexities associated with MTBI, highlights the challenges faced by both clinical and legal professionals, and opens a critical dialogue regarding the need for greater consistency and alignment in the management of MTBI-related claims. The findings further contribute to ongoing discussions within the medico-legal field regarding best practices in the evaluation and adjudication of mild traumatic brain injuries. Sun, 20 Mar 2022 00:00:00 GMT https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32988 2022-03-20T00:00:00Z