https://ir.unisa.ac.za:443 The UnisaIR digital repository system captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. 2026-03-16T17:32:59Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32282 An investigation into the adoption of blockchain technology as a central food traceability system in the South African FMCG industry Modungwa, Malente The Fast-moving consumer goods industry (FMCG) in South Africa, as well as internationally, faces challenges in ensuring food traceability. Incidents in South Africa include the 2017-2018 listeriosis outbreak that claimed about 183 lives and affected over 600 individuals highlighted gaps in the traceability system. DNA barcoding identified the source of the contamination; however, this process took over a year. Similarly, the 2018 salmonella outbreak in Durban, caused by contaminated eggs, resulted in hospitalisations and demonstrated the inadequacy of current traceability systems. Conventional risk mitigation strategies such as RFID, QR codes, WSN and basic ERP systems are often inadequate in tracing food from farm-to-fork in real-time, compromising food trust and consumer safety. Inefficiencies in information sharing, the reliance on manual processes and inadequate technologies hinder the ability to recall contaminated products. This study investigated current traceability systems used in the South African FMCG industry and the possibility of introducing blockchain to assist with end-to-end food traceability in the African FMCG industry, which has already been employed internationally by Walmart and Nestle. Current systems lack integration which blockchain can resolve through characteristics such as decentralisation and immutable data information sharing. This study was guided by the network theory which is characterised by inter-organisational relationships, trust, information sharing and collaboration among stakeholders to ensure an efficient food supply chain and for meeting customer expectations for food safety, quality and ethical sourcing. An interpretative qualitative methodology using a phenomenological research design was employed involving 12 semi-structured interviews with FMCG employees and four focus groups comprising of customers, farmers and blockchain technology experts, totalling 28 participants. Data were analysed using content analysis and managed through ATLAS.ti software. Findings of this study revealed limitations of current ERP systems to provide end-to-end information sharing, integration, and the tracking and tracing of food. This study also highlights consumer demands for transparency, ethical sourcing, and food quality. Blockchain’s ability to provide real-time, immutable and verifiable data aligns with the customer expectations. However, significant factors impede the adoption of blockchain technology including the lack of trust among stakeholders, educational gaps, infrastructural inadequacies, high implementation costs, legislative uncertainty, and a shortage of skilled labour. This study recommends fostering public-private collaborations, implementing xi educational initiatives, developing inclusive regulatory frameworks to enable blockchain adoption in the South African FMCG industry and the adoption of a collaborative platform in order to enhance traceability, trust and information sharing in the food supply chain. Recommendations for future studies include broadening the research scope by conducting comparative studies between South Africa and other countries for best practices, evaluating the long-term impact of blockchain technology on the supply chain, consumer trust and the market and, ultimately, how sustainable blockchain technology is as it develops and gets adopted.; Intasetiri ya dithoto tse di tsamayang ka bonako tsa bareki (FMCG) mo Aforika Borwa gammogo le mo boditšhabatšhabeng e lebagane le dikgwetlho mo go netefatseng ga tatediso ya thulaganyo ya dijo. Ditiragalo mo Aforika Borwa di akaretsa go runya ga bolwetse jwa listeriosis ka ngwaga wa 2017 go ya go 2018 joo bo bolaileng batho ba le 183 mme gape ba ama le matshelo a batho ba ba 600 ebile gape jwa tlhagisa diphatlha mo tatedisong ya thulaganyo ya dijo. Go tsenya dibakhoutu tsa DNA go supile motswedi wa kgotlelego; le fa go ntse jalo, thulaganyo e e ne ya tsaya lobaka lo lo ka fetang ngwaga. Fela jalo, go runya ga salmonella ka 2018 kwa Durban, go go tlhodilweng ke go kgotlelega ga mae, go ne ga felela ka batho ba le kwa maokelong ebile gape ga supa go tlhaela ga dithulaganyo tsa tatediso tsa ga jaana. Ditogamaano tsa go thibela botshosetsi tse di tlwaelegileng jaaka makhubu a radio a a supang (RFID), dikhoutu tsa tsibogo e e bonako (QR), kgokagagano ya disensara tse di sa diriseng megala (WSN) le dithulaganyo tsa motheo tsa thulaganyo ya didiriswa tsa kgwebo (ERP) gantsi di a tlhaela mo tatedisong ya dijo go tswa polaseng go ya kwa molomong ka nako ya mmatota, mme se se sala se roba tshepo ya bareki mo dijong le mo tshireletsegong ya tsone. Go tlhoka bokgoni mo kabelanong ya tshedimosetso, go ikaega mo dithulaganyong tsa diatla le mo dithekenolojing tse di tlhaelang go kgoreletsa bokgoni jwa go busetsa dithoto tse di kgotlelegileng morago. Patlisisothuto e e batlisisitse ka dithulaganyo tsa tatediso tsa ga jaana tse di dirisang ke FMCG ya Aforika Borwa gammogo le kgonagalo le go tsenyatirisong thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha go thusa ka ga tatediso ya dijo go tswa tshimologong go ya bokhutlong mo intasetiring ya FMCG ya Aforika; eo e dirisiwang boditšhabatšhaba ke Walmart le Nestle. Dithulaganyo tsa ga jaana di tlhaela go kopanngwa, mme e leng seo thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha e ka se rarabololang ka go dirisa dibopego jaaka phatlalatso le datha e e sa fetogeng ya kabelano ya tshedimosetso. Patlisisothuto e e ne ya kaela ke tiori ya kgokagano eo e tlhaolwang ke kamano ya mekgatlho e e farologaneng, tshepo, kabelano ya tshedimosetso le tirisanommogo magareng ga bannaleseabe go netefatsa gore ketane ya tlamelo ya dijo e tlhomame mme gape le gore ditsholofelo tsa batho ka tshireletsego ya dijo, nonofo ya tsone le metswedi ya dijo e e amogelesegang di a netefatswa. Mokgwa wa khwaletheithifi wa tlhaloso o o dirisang mookanyetso wa patlisiso o ne wa dirisiwa mme o akareditse ditherisano di le 12 tse di rulagantsweng bontlhabongwe le badiri ba FMCG gammogo le ditlhopha di le nne tse di lebilweng, xiii tse di akaretsang bareki, balemi, le baitseanape ba thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha. Palogotlhe ya batsayakarolo e ne e le 28. Datha e ne ya ranololwa ka go dirisa thanolo ya diteng, mme e ne tsa tsamaisiwa ka serweboleta sa ATLAS.ti. Diphitlhelelo tsa patlisisothuto di senotse makoa a ditsamaiso tsa ga jaana tsa ERP tsa go ka tlamela ka kabelano ya tshedimosetso ya go tswa tshimologong go ya bokhutlong, go kopanya, gammogo le tshalomorago le tatediso ya dijo. Patlisisothuto e e tlhagisa le ditlhokego tsa bareki tsa go dira dilo mo pepeneneng, nonofo le metswedi ya dijo e e amogelesegang. Bokgoni jwa thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha jwa go tlamela ka datha ya nako ya mmatota, e e sa fetogeng ebile e kgona go netefadiwa bo tsamaisana le ditsholofelo tsa bareki. Le fa go ntse jalo, mabaka a a botlhokwa a kgoreletsa go amogelwa ga thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha e e akaretsang tlhokego ya tshepo magareng ga bannaleseabe, diphatlha mo thutong, tlhaelo mo didirisweng, ditshenyegelo tse di kwa godimo tsa tsenyotirisong, go sa tlhomamang ga peomolao le tlhaelo ya badiri ba ba nang le bokgoni. Patlisisothuto e e akantsha gore go rotloediwe tirisanommogo magareng ga makala a puso le a poraefete, tsenyotirisong ya maiteko a thuto, tlhamo ya matlhomeso a a akaretsang a taolo a a kgontshang kamogelo ya thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha mo intasetiring ya FMCG ya Aforika Borwa le kamogelo ya polatefomo ya tirisanommogo gore go tokafadiwe tatediso, tshepo le kabelano ya tshedimosetso mo ketaneng ya tlamelo ya dijo. Dikatlanegiso tsa dithuto tsa isago di akaretsa go atoloswa ga bogolo jwa patlisiso ka go dira dipatlisisothuto tsa papiso ya ditiro tse di gaisang magareng ga Aforika Borwa le dinaga dingwe, go sekaseka kamo ya ditlamorago tsa paka e telele ya thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha mo ketaneng ya tlamelo, tshepo ya bareki le mmaraka, kwa bokhutlong, gore thekenoloji ya tshedimosetso e e seng bofitlha e ka tsweletsa go tlhabologa jang le go amogelwa.; Intasteri ya diphahlo tša bareki tša go rekišwa ka lebelo (FMCG) ka Afrika Borwa le gape ka maemong a boditšhabatšhaba e lebane le mathata mabapi le go netefatša tatišišo ya dijo. Ditiragalo tša ka Afrika Borwa di akaretša go phulega ga bolwetši bja listeriosisi ka 2017 go fihla ka 2018 bjo bo bolailego batho ba 183 le go ama batho ba go feta ba 600 gomme se sa laetša ditlhaelelo ka go tshepedišo ya tatišišo ya dijo. Diphaakoute tša mabapi le DNA di laeditše mothopo wo bolwetši bo tšwago gona; le ge go le bjale, tshepedišo ye e tšere tekano ya go feta ngwaga. Go swana le se, go phulega ga bolwetši bja salemonela ka 2018 ka Durban, bjo bo bakilwego ke mae ao a fetetšwego ke bolwetši, bo feletšwe ka go amogelwa ga balwetši dipetlele le go laetša go se lekane ga ditshepedišo tša bjale tša tatišišo ya dijo. Mekgwa ye e tlwaelegilego ya go fokotša dikotsi ya go swana le tšhupetšo ya frekhwentshi ya radio (RFID), dikhoute tša phetolo ya ka pela (QR), netweke ya sensara ya go hloka mathale (WSN) le ditshepedišo tša motheo tša peakanyo ya methopo ya dikgwebo (ERP) gantši ga di lekane go ka latišiša dijo go tloga polaseng go fihla ge di jewa ka dinako tša mmakgonthe, gomme se sa akaretša go tshepha dijo le polokego ya bareki. Go se šome gabotse ga kabelano ya tshedimošo, go tshepha ditshepedišo tša menyuale le ditheknolotši tša go se lekane di šitiša bokgoni bja go tloša ditšweletšwa tšeo di šilafetšego di nago le malwetši mmarakeng. Dinyakišišo tše di nyakišišitše ditshepedišo tša bjale tša tatišišo ya dijo tšeo di šomišwago ka ditshepedišong tša bjale tša tatišišo ya dijo ka intastering ya FMCG ka Afrika Borwa le kgonagalo ya go tsebagatša blockchain go thuša ka tatišišo ya dijo go tloga mathomong go fihla mafelelong ka intastering ya FMCG ka Afrika Borwa; yeo e šetšego e dirišitšwego maemong a boditšhabatšhaba ke Walmart le Nestle. Ditshepedišo tša bjale di hloka kopanyo, fao blockchain e ka kgonago go rarolla tše ka go diriša dipharologantšhi tša go swana le go se beye taolo lefelong le tee le kabelano ya tshedimošo ya go se fetoge. Dinyakišišo tše di hlahlilwe ke teori ya netweke yeo e tsebjago ka dikamano tša magareng ga mekgatlo, go tshephana, go abelana tshedimošo le go dirišana magareng ga batšeakarolo go netefatša gore go ba le lenaneokabo la dijo leo le šomago gabotse le go fihlelela dikemelo tša bareki mabapi le polokego ya dijo, boleng le go diriša ditiro tša mekgwa ye mekaone. Mokgwa wa tlhathollo ya boleng ka go šomiša dinyakišišo ka ga tiragalo o dirišitšwe fao go akaretšwago dipotsološo tše 12 tša go nyaka gore baarabi ba fe mabaka le bašomi ba FMCG le dihlopha tša nepišo tše nne tšeo di bopilwego ke bareki, balemi le ditsebi tša theknolotši ya bockchain, xv bao ba fihlago go palomoka ya bakgathatema ba 28. Tshedimošo e ile ya sekasekwa ka go šomiša tshekatsheko ya dikagareng gomme ya laolwa ka go diriša softewere ya ATLAS.ti. Dikutollo tša dinyakišišo tše di utollotše gore go na le tlhaelelo go ditshepedišo tša bjale tša ERP go fana ka kabelano ya tshedimošo go tloga mathomong go fihla mafelelong a kabo ya ditšweletšwa, le go hlokomedišiša le go latišiša dijo. Dinyakišišo tše gape di laetša seo bareki ba se nyakago mabapi le go hloka sephiri, go diriša baabi ba mekgwa ye mekaone le boleng bja dijo. Bokgoni bja blockchain bja go fana ka tshedimošo ya bjale ya go se fetošwe le yeo e tiišetšwago go sepelelana le dikemelo tša bareki. Le ge go le bjale, mabaka a bohlokwa a šitiša go dirišwa ga theknolotši ya blockchain go akaretšwa tlhokego ya go tshephana magareng ga bakgathatema, ditlhaelelo tša thuto, go se lekane ga mananeokgoparara, ditshenyegelo tša godimo tša phethagatšo, go hloka bonnete ka ga melao le tlhaelelo ya bašomi bao ba nago le bokgoni. Dinyakišišo tše di šišinya gore go dirwe ditirišano tša mageng ga setšhaba le makala a phraebete, go tsenya tirišong matsapa a tša thuto, go hlama metheo ya melao ye e akaretšago mang le mang go kgontšha kamogelo ya blockchain ka intastering ya FMCG ya ka Arika Borwa le tirišo ya pholathefomo ya tirišano ka nepo ya go maatlaafatša tatišišo, go tshephana le kabelano ya tshedimošo ka go lenaneokabo la dijo. Ditšhišinyo go dinyakišišo tša ka moso di akaretša go katološa mollwane wa dinyakišišo ka go dira dinyakišišo tša papetšo magareng ga Afrika Borwa le dinaga tše dingwe go lekola ditiro tše kaone, go sekaseka seabe sa lebaka le letelele la theknolotši ya blockchain go lenaneokabo la dijo, tshepho ya bareki le mmaraka le, mafelelong, ka fao theknolotši ya blockchain e ka dirišwago go ya go ile ge e dutše e tšwelela le go dirišwa. Abstract in English with translations in Tswana and Northern Sotho. 2025-01-20T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32281 Implementation of electronic signatures to increase productivity and mitigate risk within the conveyancing process in South Africa Abrahams, Luke This study’s aims are to investigate how electronic signatures can mitigate risks and increase productivity within South Africa’s conveyancing process. The transfer of land ownership in South Africa is often complex, inefficient and time-consuming, compounded by manual signature authentication, limited digitisation and concerns around fraud and security. The study explores whether electronic signature technology can enhance efficiency and protect against signature-related fraud, such as unauthorised document alterations or identity theft. Using a qualitative research method, data were collected through twelve online semi-structured interviews focusing on three major conveyancing organisations in South Africa and document analysis of six documents to triangulate the findings. The three organisations are recognised for their legal authority in facilitating the compilation and signing of property-related documents. The audio-recorded interviews and document data were analysed using content analysis whereby themes and subthemes were identified after using open coding. Ethical principles were followed, and participant informed consent was obtained, with ethical clearance and permission obtained before data collection commenced. This study was limited to personal interviews within the conveyancing industry, relying on self-reported data. Time constraints and the use of closed-ended questions further restricted the depth of analysis. This study was further limited to the implementation of electronic signatures for productivity, excluding the full land transfer process and its bottlenecks. This research contributes to the literature and provides new insights into how electronic signatures, if implemented, could improve productivity and efficiency within the land transfer processes. This research highlights both the challenges and opportunities of adopting electronic signatures, including the legal and regulatory framework governing their use, as well as the potential for conveyancers to drive digital transformation in the industry. The findings indicate that several barriers impact the implementation of electronic signatures in the conveyancing industry, such as legal restrictions, high technology costs, and inconsistencies in signature verification methods. However, the study concludes that adopting electronic signatures can reduce risks and enhance productivity by streamlining the signing process, improving security through audit trails and encryption, and reducing manual document 3 handling. Electronic signatures offer distinct advantages over handwritten signatures, facilitating operational efficiency and strategic value for organisations. Robust security measures are essential to ensure that these benefits are fully realised, making electronic signature technology a crucial component of digital transformation in conveyancing. The recommendations of the findings indicate that there is a need for investment in training and upskilling staff on issues related to information security and specifically cybercrime. Additionally, conveyances should seek to standardise manual signature and document vetting while integrating elements of the Parkerian Hexad model namely confidentiality, integrity, availability, authenticity and utility. These principles enhance fraud prevention and ensure signed documents remain secure and unaltered. In addition, legal policymakers should consider updating legislation to include provisions for electronic signatures within the land transfer process. Furthermore, the deeds office remains a central role player in land transaction processes and should invest in the necessary infrastructure and workforce training to implement electronic signatures, cloud storage and the verification processes needed by conveyancers to improve security, mitigate risks and streamline operations.; Iinjongo zolu phandolwazi kukuphanda indlela utyikityo lwe-elektroniki olunokuthi lunciphise ngayo imingcipheko kunye nokwandisa imveliso kwinkqubo yobhalisozitayitile yoMzantsi Afrika. Ukugqithiselwa kobunini bomhlaba eMzantsi Afrika kudla ngokubanzima, kungasebenzi kwaye kutye ixesha, kusokoliswa luqinisekiso lotyikityo olwenziwa ngesandla, ukunqongophala koguqulelolwazi kwidijithali kunye neenkxalabo zobuqhophololo nokhuseleko. Olu phandolwazi luphonononga ukuba ingaba ubuchwepheshe botyikityo lwe-elektroniki bungaphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kwaye bukhusele kubuqhophololo obunxulumene nokutyikitya, obufana nokutshintshwa kwamaxwebhu okungagunyaziswanga okanye ubusela bezazisi. Idatha iqokelelwe ngokusebenzisa isikhokelo sophandontyilazwi ngodliwanondlebe lwangentanethi olucwangciswe mayane nabathathinxaxheba abalishumi elinambini, lugxile kumaqumrhu amathathu amakhulu obhalisozitayitile eMzantsi Afrika kunye nohlalutyo lwamaxwebhu amathandathu ukuqinisekisa ubunyani nokuthembeka kweziphumo. La maqumrhu mathathu aqinisekisiwe ngegunya lawo elisemthethweni ekuququzeleleni ukuqulunqwa nokutyikitywa kwamaxwebhu anxulumene nepropati. Udliwanondlebe olurekhodiweyo kunye neenkcukacha zamaxwebhu zihlalutywe kusetyenziswa uhlalutyo lomxholo apho kuye kwachongwa imixholo nemixholwana emva kokusetyenziswa kohlalutyo lokuhlelwa kwedatha ngokwemixholo. Ilandelwe imigaqo yokuziphatha kuphandolwazi, kwaye nemvume yokuthatha inxaxheba kwabathathinxaxheba kuphandolwazi iye yafunyanwa, nemvume nokuvunyelwa komphandilwazi ukuba aqhube uphandolwazi ethe yafunyanwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqaliswe ukuqokelela idatha. Olu phandolwazi belugxile kudliwanondlebe nabantu ngaphakathi kwicandelo lobhalisozitayitile, ngokuxhomekeke kwidatha ezichazayo. Ubunzulu bohlalutyo lwedatha buye bathintelwa ngakumbi yimiqobo yexesha nokusetyenziswa kwemibuzo evalelekileyo. Luphinde lwanyinwa ekuphunyezweni kotyikityo lwe-elektroniki ukwenzela imveliso, ngaphandle kwenkqubo epheleleyo yokudluliselwa komhlaba kunye nemiqobo yayo. Olu phandolwazi lunegalelo kuncwadi kwaye lubonelela ngeengcamango ezintsha malunga nokuba, ukuba utyikityo lwe-elektroniki luyafezekiswa, lungaphucula imveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle phakathi kwiinkqubo zokudlulisela umhlaba. Lukwabhentsisa imingeni namathuba okwamkela utyikityo lwe-elektroniki, kubandakanywa nesikhokelo somthetho nesolawulo esilawula ukusetyenziswa kolu tyikityo, kwakunye nokubanakho kwababhalisizitayitile ukuzisa inguqu yedijithali kweli candelo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba kukho imiqobo emininzi enempembelelo ekuphunyezweni kotyikityo lwe-elektroniki kwicandelo lobhalisozitayitile, efana nezithintelo zomthetho, iindleko eziphezulu zobuchwepheshe, kunye nokungahambelani kwiindlela zokuqinisekisa utyikityo. Nangona kunjalo, olu phandolwazi luqukumbela ukuba ukwamkela utyikityo lwe-elektroniki kunganciphisa imingcipheko kwaye kuphucule imveliso ngokulungelelanisa inkqubo yokutyikitya, ukuphucula ukhuseleko ngeendlela zophicothozincwadi noguqulelo oluntsonkothileyo, kunye nokunciphisa ukuphathwa kwamaxwebhu ngesandla. Utyikityo lwe-elektroniki lubonelela ngoncedo olwahlukileyo kutyikityo olubhalwe ngesandla, luququzelela ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nexabiso lobuchule bokusebenza kumaqumrhu. Abalulekile amanyathelo okhuseleko omeleleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba le nzuzo ifezekiswa ngokupheleleyo, okwenza ukuba ubuchwepheshe botyikityo lwe-elektroniki bube yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yenguqu yedijithali kubhalisozitayitile. Izindululo zeziphumo zibonisa ukuba kukho imfuneko yotyalomali ekuqeqesheni nasekuphuculeni izakhono zabasebenzi kwimiba enxulumene nokhuseleko lolwazi ingakumbi ulwaphulomthetho ngezobuchwepheshe. Ukongeza, kufuneka icandelo lobhalisozitayitile likhangele ukulungelelanisa utyikityo olwenziwa ngesandla kunye novavanyo lwamaxwebhu ngelixa kuhlanganiswa izinto eziyinxalenye yeParkerian Hexad model ezizezi, ubumfihlo, ingqibelelo, ukufumaneka, ukunyaniseka kunye nokuba luncedo. Le migaqo iphucula uthintelo lobuqhophololo kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba amaxwebhu atyikityiweyo ahlala ekhuselekile kwaye engenakutshintshwa. Ukongeza, kufuneka abaqulunqi bomgaqonkqubo womthetho bacinge ngokuhlaziya umthetho ukuze ubandakanye izibonelelo zotyikityo lwe-elektroniki ngaphakathi kwinkqubo yokudluliselwa komhlaba. Ngaphaya koko, iofisi yeetayitile ihlala idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zentengiselwano yomhlaba kwaye kufuneka ityale imali kwiziseko ezingundoqo eziyimfuneko kunye noqeqesho lwabasebenzi ukuze kufezekiswe utyikityo lwe-elektroniki, ukugcinwa kwedatha yekhompyutha kunye neenkqubo zokuqinisekisa ezidingwa ngababhalisizitayitile ukuphucula ukhuseleko, ukunciphisa imingcipheko kunye nokulungelelanisa iinkqubo zomsebenzi.; Hierdie studie se doel is om te ondersoek hoe elektroniese handtekeninge risiko’s kan verminder en produktiwiteit kan verhoog in Suid-Afrika se transportbesorgingsproses. Die oordrag van grondbesit in Suid-Afrika is dikwels ingewikkeld, ondoeltreffend en tydrowend, en dit word verder bemoeilik deur geskrewe handtekeningverifikasie, beperkte digitalisering en bekommernisse oor bedrog en sekuriteit. Die studie verken of elektroniese handtekeningtegnologie doeltreffendheid kan verbeter en ’n mens kan beskerm teen handtekening-verwante bedrog, soos ongemagtigde dokumentwysigings of identiteitsdiefstal. ’n Kwalitatiewe navorsingsmetode is gebruik om data in te samel deur middel van 12 aanlyn halfgestruktureerde onderhoude met die fokus op drie groot transportbesorgingsorganisasies in Suid-Afrika, asook dokumentontleding van ses dokumente om die bevindings te trianguleer. Die drie organisasies word erken vir hulle wetlike gesag wat betref die fasilitering van die samestelling en ondertekening van eiendomverwante dokumente. Die oudio-opgeneemde onderhoude en dokumentdata is ontleed deur inhoudsanalise waar temas en subtemas geïdentifiseer is ná die gebruik van ope kodering. Etiese beginsels is gevolg en ingeligte toestemming is by deelnemers verkry. Etiese klaring en toestemming is verkry voordat daar met die insameling van data begin is. Hierdie studie is beperk tot persoonlike onderhoude in die transportbesorgingsbedryf en het berus op selfgerapporteerde data. Tydsbeperkings en die gebruik van geslote vrae het die diepte van die ontleding verder beperk. Hierdie studie is ook beperk tot die implementering van elektroniese handtekeninge vir produktiwiteit, en het nie die volledige grondoordragproses en knelpunte ingesluit nie. Hierdie navorsing dra by tot die literatuur en bied nuwe insigte oor hoe elektroniese handtekeninge, indien dit geïmplementeer word, produktiwiteit en doeltreffendheid in die grondoordragprosesse kan verbeter. Hierdie navorsing beklemtoon sowel die uitdagings as die geleenthede wat betref die aanname van elektroniese handtekeninge, insluitende die wetlike en regulatoriese raamwerk wat die gebruik daarvan beheer, asook die potensiaal vir transportbesorgers om digitale transformasie in die bedryf te dryf. Die bevindings dui aan dat verskeie hindernisse ’n invloed het op die implementering van elektroniese handtekeninge in die transportbesorgingsbedryf, soos wetlike beperkings, hoë 5 tegnologiekoste en strydighede wat handtekeningverifikasie-metodes betref. Die studie het egter beslis dat die aanname van elektroniese handtekeninge risiko’s kan verminder en produktiwiteit kan verbeter deur die ondertekeningsproses te vereenvoudig, sekuriteit te verbeter deur ouditspore en enkripsie, en die hantering van dokumente met die hand te verminder. Elektroniese handtekeninge het duidelike voordele bo handgeskrewe handtekeninge, en fasiliteer operasionele doeltreffendheid en strategiese waarde vir organisasies. Goeie sekuriteitsmaatreëls is noodsaaklik om te verseker dat hierdie voordele ten volle verwesenlik word, en verseker dus dat elektroniese handtekeningtegnologie ’n noodsaaklike komponent is wat digitale transformasie in transportbesorging betref. Die aanbevelings van die bevindings dui aan dat daar ’n behoefte is om personeel op te lei en hulle vaardighede uit te brei wat aangeleenthede betref wat verband hou met inligtingsekuriteit en spesifiek kubermisdaad. Verder moet transportbesorgers daarna streef om handgeskrewe handtekeninge en dokumentkeuring te standaardiseer terwyl hulle elemente van die Parkerianse sespuntmodel (Parkerian Hexad model) – vertroulikheid, integriteit, beskikbaarheid, egtheid en nut – integreer. Hierdie beginsels bevorder die voorkoming van bedrog en verseker dat getekende dokumente veilig en onveranderd bly. Verder moet beleidmakers dit oorweeg om wetgewing by te werk om bepalings in te sluit vir elektroniese handtekeninge in die grondoordragproses. Die aktekantoor moet ook ’n sentrale rolspeler bly in grondoordragprosesse en moet belê in die nodige infrastruktuur en opleiding van die arbeidsmag om elektroniese handtekeninge, wolkberging (cloud storage) en die verifikasieprosesse wat deur transportbesorgers benodig word te implementeer om sekuriteit te verbeter, risiko’s te verminder en bedrywighede te vereenvoudig. 2024-10-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32280 Mining Limpopo Education Management Information System (EMIS) to model intra-provincial learner migration/mobility patterns and their underlying causes Ramphele, Letsukulo Frans Spontaneous learner migration is an ongoing concern in South African schools, posing challenges to educational planning and resource allocation. This phenomenon refers to learners transitioning prematurely to alternative learning spaces without prior planning. It is more prevalent in rural provinces of South Africa, including Limpopo, where urban schools tend to be more affluent and well-resourced than rural schools. The complex interplay of personal, environmental, and socio-economic factors driving learner migration decisions often complicates predictive efforts, necessitating robust computational models for improved understanding and decision-making. This study utilised a longitudinal dataset from the Limpopo Education Management Information System (EMIS) records, spanning ten years (2011–2020), and identified biographical and structural variables that influence learner migration. These variables were used to develop three theory-based learner-migration indices: likelihood of migration, reason for migration, and distance of migration. The study applies Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM) to guide the technical data-mining process and Design Science Research (DSR) to provide a broader framework that positions learner-migration computational models as reusable artefacts for educational planners. This methodological framework was grounded in Ravenstein and Everett Lee’s theories of migration and Hein de Haas’s aspiration–capability framework. Building on this methodological foundation, Feature Selection (FS) was performed using four techniques – Boruta, RPART, AdaBoost.M1, and J48 – to determine salient input features for the predictive models. Boruta demonstrated the most consistent feature importance scores, with a variance of 19.85 compared to 21.39 (RPART), 24.60 (AdaBoost.M1), and 24.60 (J48). The learner migration indices were optimised using the Social Ski-Driver (SSD) and Culture Algorithm. Both optimisers achieved commendable and comparable results, with the average F1 score metric for the three indices consistently surpassing 0.8 on a time series learner migration dataset spanning ten years. The CA-derived hyperparameter set was selected for the final model due to its low variance in the F1 score weights of the three indices and strong alignment with the Berger-Tal multidisciplinary framework's convergence principles on the exploration-exploitation trade-off. While previous studies on learner migration have primarily emphasised external factors such as a school’s poverty ranking, curriculum performance, the language of instruction, and legislative frameworks as the sole drivers of migration, this study reveals that migration is also influenced by biographical factors such as learner age, gender, home language, and socio-economic status. These insights are not just academic findings but may have direct implications for educational policy development and resource allocation strategies, offering a balanced understanding of migration dynamics. The developed models and their indices and metrics may support education planners in responding proactively to learner migration challenges. Abstract and text in English 2025-08-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32279 The articulation of trauma in pet loss through ceramic art: an ontological investigation Visser, Beatrice This study investigates the ways in which ceramic art expresses the trauma of pet loss. An ontological investigation, it focuses on the strong attachment bonds I have shared with my pets. The project aims to advance fresh perspectives on the themes of grief, trauma and loss as these relate to pet-owner relationships, while conceptually relevant theories underpin my solo art exhibition, Per(pet)ual Memorium 1 (2024). The artworks explore traumatic recollections after the deaths of beloved companion animals. An analysis of relevant literature, including a comparative theoretical study, supports the conclusions drawn through the art praxis of Per(pet)ual Memorium. My reflective approach to art-making enables theory to guide the creative process where fresh insights emerge from practical developments and facilitate the revision of initial impressions.; Hierdie studie stel ondersoek in na die maniere waarop keramiekkuns die trauma van die verlies aan ’n troeteldier uitdruk. Hierdie ontologiese ondersoek fokus op die sterk hegtheidsband wat ek met my troeteldiere gedeel het. Die projek is daarop gemik om nuwe perspektiewe op die temas van smart, trauma en verlies te werp soos dit met troeteldier-eienaarverhoudings verband hou, onderwyl konseptueel relevante teorieë die onderbou van my individuele kunsuitstalling: Per(pet)ual Memorium vorm. Die kunswerke verken traumatiese herinneringe na die dood van geliefde dieremaats. ’n Analise van relevante literatuur, insluitend ’n vergelykende teoretiese studie ondersteun die gevolgtrekkings waartoe daar gekom is deur die kunspraktyk in Per(pet)ual Memorium. My reflektiewe benadering tot kunsskepping maak dit vir die teorie moontlik om rigting te gee aan die kreatiewe proses waar nuwe insigte uit praktiese ontwikkelings voortspruit en die hersiening van aanvanklike indrukke fasiliteer. Text in English with summaries in Afrikaans and Zulu 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z