https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30873 2026-05-05T16:14:33Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32076 Framework for good governance in South African state-owned enterprises Molaoa, Olebile South African state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have been plagued by corruption, mismanagement and political interference in recent years, through what is called state-capture. State capture is a form of systemic corruption in which private actors influence the state's decision-making processes to their own advantage, often at the expense of public interest and democratic principles. This study adopts a quantitative method approach, using an analysis of annual report documents of SOEs for the period 2011 to 2022 and a review of the literature to examine the manifestations, causes and effects of state capture in South Africa and the existing challenges and measures taken to combat it. The study establishes that state capture in South Africa is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon involving various actors, sectors and levels of government. It has resulted in significant financial losses, poor service delivery, erosion of public trust, and weakening of democratic institutions. The study also identifies several factors that enable state capture, such as weak governance, lack of accountability, political patronage and regulatory capture. Moreover, it reveals that current anti-state capture measures in South Africa are inadequate, ineffective, or poorly implemented owing to various legal, institutional and political constraints. Based on these findings, the study proposes a comprehensive and holistic anti-state capture framework, which comprises board characteristics, financial performance, audits and board assessments to provide an environment for good governance and a possible prevention of state capture. This is the study’s contribution to the body of knowledge. The framework draws from the research results of the SOEs that are under study. It also considers the specific context and challenges facing South Africa and suggests some concrete actions and reforms. It concludes that the framework can serve as a useful tool and guideline for policymakers, practitioners, researchers and stakeholders who are committed to fighting state capture and restoring good governance in South Africa. Text in English 2024-07-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31690 Risk management framework for microfinance institutions in Ethiopia: a methodological triangulation approach Elias Tadesse Mamo The primary challenge of microfinance is that it offers unsecured financial services, primarily in order to assist low-income households. In the twenty-first century, the focus on expansion and outreach by microfinance institutions has been accompanied by crises and failures, mainly due to risk. Risk management is therefore a crucial concern for microfinance institutions. Currently, only a limited number of studies have been done on risk management in Ethiopia, the majority of which are master's theses that focus primarily on selected microfinance institutions and operational-level risk categories. Too far, few or no studies have explored the function of risk management foundations in risk management framework. By using a methodological triangulation approach, this study examines the risk management strategies and frameworks of Ethiopian microfinance institutions. Using a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design, 610 respondents from 20 microfinance institutions and 15 interviewees who are senior officials and experts in the microfinance industry were surveyed. Structural equation modelling (SEM) with AMOS version 23 and SPSS Statistics 26 were employed as the analytical models. AMOS was used for confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis, while SPSS was used for descriptive analysis and exploratory factor analysis. Confirmatory factor analysis was utilised to assess the reliability and validity of the conceptual model; SEM, in conjunction with multi-group analysis, was used to test the model’s hypotheses. All variables, including risk culture, board effectiveness, internal controls, and internal audit, have a positive and significant effect on risk management performance. In addition, the study uncovered the moderating effect of microfinance institution ownership structure on the connection between exogenous dimensions (risk culture, board effectiveness, internal control, and internal audit) and endogenous dimensions (risk management performance). The result demonstrated that ownership structure has a moderating effect on the association between exogenous constructs (risk culture and board) and endogenous construct (risk management performance). The study further uncovered a significant indirect effect of internal audit on risk management performance through the partial mediation of internal control The findings suggest that foundational aspects like risk culture, board effectiveness, internal control, and internal audit are crucial to consider in MFI’s risk management. The study contributes to existing literature by providing empirical data on the model under consideration, as well as providing a number of significant theoretical and practical implications of the research.; Kgwetlho e kgolo ya ditirelopotlana tsa ditšhelete e mo go thuseng malapa a a nang le lotseno le le kwa tlase ka go a neela ditirelo tse di se nang tshireletsotlotlo tsa ditšhelete. Mo seemong seno, ntlha ya taolo ya matshosetsi e tswelela go nna maleba thata. Fa e sale go tloga ka tshimologo ya ngwagakgolo ono, kgolo le tlamelo ya ditirelo tsa ditheo tsa ditirelopotlana tsa ditšhelete (di-MFI) di tsamaya mmogo le mathata le go palelwa go go amanang le matshosetsi, mme seno se dira gore taolo ya matshosetsi e nne botlhokwa thata mo ditheong tseno. Go dirilwe dithutopatlisiso di le mmalwa fela ka ga taolo ya matshosetsi kwa Ethiopia, ntle le ditlhotlhomiso di le mmalwa tsa maemothuto a mmasetase tse go le gantsi di tsepamisang mo ditheong tse di rileng tsa ditirelopotlana tsa ditšhelete le mo ditlhopheng tsa matshosetsi a a mo maemong a tiriso le tiragatso. Ke dithutopatlisiso di le mmalwa kgotsa ga go na dithutopatlisiso dipe tse di ikaegileng ka maitemogelo a mmatota tse di batlisitseng tiro ya metheo ya taolo ya matshosetsi e e mo teng ga letlhomeso la taolo ya matshosetsi. Thutopatlisiso eno e lekotse mekgwatiriso ya taolo ya matshosetsi le matlhomeso a di-MFI tsa Ethiopia, go dirisiwa mekgwa e mentsi ya go bapisa tshedimosetso e e kgobokanngwang le go sekasekiwa ka go dirisa netefatso ya tshedimosetso e e dirwang ka go bapisa metswedi ya yone. Ka ntlha ya seo, baikarabedi ba le 610 go tswa mo ba le 20 le batlhankedi-bagolwane ba le 15 le baitseanape ba MFI ba boditswe dipotso go dirisiwa mokgwa o go dirisiwang dikgato tse di latelanang go kgobokanya le go sekaseka tshedimosetso. Mo dikaong tsa tshekatsheko tse di dirisitsweng, go akareditswe Sekao sa Tshekatsheko ya Kamano fa gare ga Ditlhotlhomisiwa (SEM), ka tiriso ya AMOS v. 23 mo tshekatshekong ya tlhomamiso ya nepagalo ya dikamano (CFA) le tshekatsheko ya tlhotlheletsano ya ditlhotlhomisiwa mo kamanong ya tsone, fa go dirisitswe SPSS v. 26 mo tshekatshekong e e fokotsang tshedimosetso e e tlhalosang le e e batlisisang sengwe se se rileng gore e tlhaloganyesege. Go dirisitswe CFA go tlhatlhoba boikanyego le nepagalo ya sekao se se ka ga kgopolo nngwe, fa go dirisitswe SEM le tshekatsheko ya ditlhophantsi go dira teko ya ditshitsinyo tsa sekao. Go fitlhetswe gore tiro ya taolo ya matshosetsi e amiwa ka tsela e e siameng le ya botlhokwa ke dikarolwana tsotlhe, go akaretsa megopolo le maitshwaro a a matshosetsi, boto ya MFI, taolo ya yone ya ka fa gare le boruni jwa ka fa gare. Mo godimo ga moo, go fitlhetswe fa thulaganyo ya go nna mong wa MFI e sekaseka kamano fa gare ga dikakanyo tse di ikaegileng ka mabaka a kwa ntle (megopolo le maitshwaro a a matshosetsi, boto, taolo ya ka fa gare le boruni jwa ka fa gare) le kakanyo ya ka fa gare (tiro ya taolo ya matshosetsi). Tshekatsheko ya kamano e senotse gore thulaganyo ya go nna mong e sekasekile fela kamano fa gare ga dikakanyo tse di ikaegileng ka mabaka a kwa ntle tsa megopolo le maitshwaro a a kotsi le boto, le kakanyo ya ka fa gare ya tiro ya taolo ya matshosetsi. Diphitlhelelo tseno di supa gore go botlhokwa go akanyetsa dikarolwana tsa motheo tse di jaaka megopolo le maitshwaro a a matshosetsi, boto, taolo ya ka fa gare le boruni jwa ka fa gare fa go dirwa taolo ya matshosetsi a MFI. Tiro e na le seabe mo tshedimosetsong le kitso e e maleba mo porofešeneng e e rileng ka go neela deitha ya mmatota ka ga sekao se se tlhatlhobiwang, mo godimo ga go lemoga ditlamorago di le mmalwa tsa botlhokwa tsa tiori le tiragatso.; Inselela enkulu yezezimali ezincane isekusizeni amakhaya ahola kancane ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zezezimali ezingavikelekile. Kulo mongo, udaba lokulawulwa kobungozi luya ngokuya lubaluleka. Kusukela ekuqaleni kwaleli khulunyaka, ukwanda kanye nokufinyelela ezikhungweni zezimali ezincane (ama- MFIs) kuhambisane nezinkinga ezihambisana nobungozi kanye nokwehluleka, okunikeza ukulawulwa kobungozi kubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zinkampani. Kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo olulinganiselwe ekulawuleni ubungozi e-Ethiopia, ngaphandle kwemibhalo yeziqu zobumpetha ezimbalwa ezigxile kakhulu ezinkampanini ezincane zezimali ezikhethiwe kanye nezigaba zobungozi ezisezingeni lokusebenza. Zimbalwa noma azikho izifundo ezicwaningayo eziphenye umsebenzi wezisekelo zokulawula ubungozi ngaphakathi kohlaka lokulawula ubungozi. Lolu cwaningo luhlole amasu okulawula ubungozi kanye nezinhlaka ze-Ethiopian MFIs, kusetshenziswa izindlela ezingunxantathu. Ukuze kufezeke lokho, abaphenduli abangu-610 bezikhulu eziphezulu ezingu-20 kanye ne-15 kanye nochwepheshe be-MFI babuzwa imibuzo kusetshenziswa indlela yokulandelana exubile. Izifanekiso zokuhlaziya zisetshenzisiwe, zihlanganisa Isifanekiso Sokuhlola Okuguquguqukayo Okuningi (SEM), kanti i-AMOS v. 23 isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwesici sokuqinisekisa (i- CFA) nokuhlaziywa kwendlela, kuyilapho i-SPSS v. 26 isetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwezinto ezichazayo nezihlolayo. I-CFA yaqashwa ukuze ihlole ukwethembeka nokuba semthethweni kwesifanekiso somqondo, kuyilapho i-SEM nokuhlaziywa kwamaqembu amaningi kwasetshenziselwa ukuhlola okucatshangwayo kwesifanekiso. Ukusebenza kokulawulwa kobungozi kutholwe kukuhle futhi kuthinteke kakhulu kuzo zonke izici, okubandakanya isiko lobungozi, ibhodi le-MFI, ukulawula kwayo kwangaphakathi kanye nocwaningomabhuku lwangaphakathi. Ukwengeza, isakhiwo sobunikazi be- MFI sitholakale silinganisa ubudlelwano phakathi kobukhulu bangaphandle (isiko lengozi, ibhodi, ukulawula kwangaphakathi kanye nocwaningomabhuku lwangaphakathi) kanye nokwakhiwa okungapheli (ukusebenza kokulawulwa kobungozi). Ukuhlaziywa kokulinganisela kuveze ukuthi ukwakheka kobunikazi kwengamele kuphela ubudlelwano phakathi kokwakhiwa kwangaphandle kwesiko lengozi kanye nebhodi, kanye nokwakhiwa okungapheli kokusebenza kokulawulwa kobungozi. Lokhu okutholakele kukhombisa ukuthi izingxenye eziyisisekelo ezifana nesiko lobungozi, ibhodi, ukulawulwa kwangaphakathi kanye nocwaningomabhuku lwangaphakathi kubalulekile ukuthi kubhekwe lapho kwenziwa ukulawulwa kobungozi kwe-MFI. Umsebenzi unikela endikimbeni yolwazi ngokunikeza imininingwane yangempela yesifanekiso ngaphansi kokuhlolwa, ngaphezu kokuhlonza inani lemiphumela ebalulekile yombono nengokoqobo. Text in English with abstracts in English, Tswana and Zulu 2023-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31634 Managing environmental education curriculum through distributed leadership strategies in the KwaZulu-Natal secondary schools Shabalala, Nonkanyiso Pamella Environmental education is a process that allows individuals to explore environmental issues, engage in problem-solving and take action to improve the environment. As a result, individuals develop a deeper understanding of environmental issues and have the skills to make informed and responsible decisions through environmental education. Therefore, environmental education is an important aspect of the school curriculum as it is embedded in the school’s curriculum of other subjects. In South Africa, subjects such as natural sciences (NS), mathematics, geography and so on are tracked and managed by those designated to do so, both at the school level and by the subject advisors of the department of education. However, the case is different from the environmental education content. This research explores strategies that are available to manage environmental education through distributed leadership by subject advisors, principals, school management teams (deputy principals and/or head of departments) and teachers. This research adopted a constructivism research paradigm, and employed a qualitative research approach, descriptive case study research design, non-probability sampling which is purposive in nature, individual interviews, observation, and document analysis as data collection tools. The population that contributed to the understanding of distributed leadership in schools in this research are three principals, three SMT members, three teachers, in three schools and two subject advisors in one district. The findings of this research point out that there are no strategies in place to manage environmental education as it is giving less attention as compared to other subject’s content due to the context of its content, lack of motivation from superiors as there is no empowerment through decision making taken collectively and roles are not distributed to all stakeholders. There is a lack of communication between stakeholders as there is no transparency and staff members are told what to do instead of having effective discussions. The curriculum is theoretical instead of practical which promotes participation.Distributed leadership seems to not be understood as the principals and the SMTs seem to practice delegation and confuse delegation with distributed leadership. Environmental education is also not tracked at a school level or at a departmental level. I can conclude by saying that environmental education is viewed as unimportant as it is not comprehended as something which adds value to a learner’s knowledge. Again, distributed leadership is not met in terms of environmental education management in schools. The findings of this research also involve a developing an environmental education model in the educational sector which made use of the strategies that might help in managing environmental education curriculum. Therefore, it is recommended that the content of environmental education is restructured to cater for practicality to best suit the current lifestyles. It is also recommended that all stakeholders are involved rather than thinking the management of environmental education is a sole responsibility of a teacher and be involved in the development and decision making in terms of the management of environmental education. Especially, since the world is experiencing a global crisis, it is recommended that we do not only aspire to a just community, but a society that is able to combat all global crises at an early stage to live in a sustainable community.; Imfundo yezemvelo iyinqubo evumela abantu ukuba bahlole izindaba zemvelo, bazibandakanye ekuxazululeni izinkinga, futhi bathathe izinyathelo zokuthuthukisa imvelo. Ngenxa yalokho, abantu ngabanye bahlakulela ukuqonda okujulile ngezindaba zemvelo futhi babe namakhono okwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi nezinomthwalo wemfanelo ngemfundo yezemvelo. Ngakho-ke, lokho kwenza imfundo yezemvelo ibe yisici esibalulekile sekharikhulamu yesikole njengoba igxilile ohlelweni lwezifundo lwesikole lwezinye izifundo. ENingizimu Afrika, izifundo ezifana nesayensi yemvelo (NS), mathematics, geography nokunye, zilandelwa futhi ziphathwe yilabo abaqokelwe ukwenza lokho, ezingeni lesikole kanye nangabeluleki bezifundo bomnyango wezemfundo. Nokho, icala lihlukile ngokuqukethwe kwemfundo yezemvelo. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola amasu akhona okuphatha imfundo yezemvelo ngobuholi obusabalalisiwe ngabeluleki bezifundo, othishanhloko, amathimba okuphatha izikole (amaphini othishanhloko kanye/noma izinhloko zeminyango) kanye nothisha. Lolu cwaningo lwamukele ipharadigm yocwaningo lwe-constructivism, indlela yocwaningo lwekhwalithethivu, idizayini yocwaningo lwendaba echazayo, amasampula okungewona okungenzeka anenhloso ngokwemvelo, inhlolokhono yomuntu ngamunye, ukubhekwa, nokuhlaziywa kwemibhalo njengamathuluzi okuqoqa idatha. Inani labantu elibambe iqhaza ekuqondeni ubuholi obusabalalisiwe ezikoleni kulolu cwaningo yilaba: othishanhloko abathathu, amalungu amathathu e-SMT, othisha abathathu, ezikoleni ezintathu nababili abeluleki bezifundo esifundeni esisodwa. Okutholwe kulolu cwaningo kukhomba ukuthi awekho amasu okuphatha imfundo yezemvelo njengoba inika ukunaka okuncane uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izifundo ngenxa yengqikithi yalo, ukuntula ugqozi oluvela kubaphathi njengoba kungekho ukuhlonyiswa ngokuthathwa kwezinqumo. ezithathwe ngokuhlanganyela kanye nezindima ezingasatshalaliswanga kubo bonke ababambiqhaza. Ukuxhumana okungagciniwe phakathi kwabathintekayo njengoba kungekho obala futhi abasebenzi bayatshelwa ukuthi benzeni esikhundleni sokuba nezingxoxo ezisebenzayo. Ikharikhulamu iyithiyori kunokuba ibe yinto ephathekayo ekhuthaza ukubamba iqhaza. Ubuholi obuhlukene bubukeka bungaqondwa njengoba othishanhloko kanye nama-SMT bebonakala bezilolongela izithunywa futhi badida ithimba nobuholi obuhlukene. Imfundo yezemvelo nayo ayilandelelwa ezingeni lesikole kanye nezinga lomnyango. Ngingaphetha ngokuthi imfundo yezemvelo ithathwa njengengabalulekile njengoba ingaqondwa njengento; Thuto ya tikologo ke tshepedišo yeo e dumelelago batho ka bomong go hlahloba ditaba tša tikologo, go tsenela tharollo ya mathata le go tšea magato a go kaonafatša tikologo. Ka lebaka leo, batho ka bomong ba hlagolela kwešišo ye e tseneletšego ya ditaba tša tikologo gomme ba na le bokgoni bja go tšea diphetho tše di nago le tsebo le tše di nago le maikarabelo ka thuto ya tikologo. Ka fao, thuto ya tikologo ke karolo ye bohlokwa ya kharikhulamo ya sekolo ka ge e tsentšwe ka gare ga kharikhulamo ya sekolo ya dithuto tše dingwe. Mo Afrika Borwa, dithuto tša go swana le mahlale a tlhago (NS), dipalo, thutafase bjalobjalo di latišišwa le go laolwa ke bao ba kgethilwego go dira bjalo, bobedi maemong a sekolo le ke baeletši ba dithuto ba kgoro ya thuto. Le ge go le bjalo, taba ye e fapane le diteng tša thuto ya tikologo. Nyakišišo ye e hlahloba maano ao a lego gona go laola thuto ya tikologo ka boetapele bjo bo phatlalatšwago ke baeletši ba dithuto, dihlogo tša dikolo, dihlopha tša taolo ya dikolo (batlatšadihlogo tša dikolo le/goba hlogo ya dikgoro) le barutiši. Nyakišišo ye e amogetše mohlala wa nyakišišo ya constructivism, gomme ya šomiša mokgwa wa nyakišišo ya boleng, tlhamo ya nyakišišo ya nyakišišo ya mohlala ye e hlalošago, go tšea mehlala yeo e sego ya kgonagalo yeo e nago le morero ka tlhago, dipoledišano tša motho ka o tee ka o tee, go lebelela, le tshekatsheko ya ditokomane bjalo ka didirišwa tša kgoboketšo ya datha. Baagi bao ba bilego le seabe go kwešišo ya boetapele bjo bo phatlalatšwago dikolong nyakišišong ye ke dihlogo tše tharo, maloko a mararo a SMT, barutiši ba bararo, dikolong tše tharo le baeletši ba babedi ba dithuto seleteng se tee. Dikutollo tša nyakišišo ye di laetša gore ga go na maano ao a lego gona a go laola thuto ya tikologo ka ge e fa šedi ye nnyane ge e bapetšwa le diteng tša thuto ye nngwe ka lebaka la seemo sa diteng tša yona, go hloka tlhohleletšo go tšwa go bao ba phagamego ka ge go se na maatlafatšo ka sephetho go dira gore go tšewe ka kopanelo gomme dikarolo ga di abja go bakgathatema ka moka. Go na le tlhaelelo ya kgokagano magareng ga bakgathatema ka ge go se na go ba pepeneneng gomme maloko a bašomi a botšwa gore ba dire eng go e na le go ba le dipoledišano tše di šomago gabotse. Kharikhulamo ke ya teori go e na le ya tirišo yeo e tšwetšago pele go tšea karolo. Boetapele bjo bo phatlalatšwago bo bonala bo sa kwešišwe ka ge dihlogo tša dikolo le di-SMT di bonala di itlwaetša go abela le go gakantšha go abela le boetapele bjo bo phatlalatšwago. Thuto ya tikologo le yona ga e latišišwe maemong a sekolo goba maemong a kgoro. Nka phetha ka go bolela gore thuto ya tikologo e lebelelwa e le yeo e sego bohlokwa ka ge e sa kwešišwe bjalo ka selo seo se oketšago mohola tsebong ya moithuti. Le mo, boetapele bjo bo phatlalatšwago ga bo fihlelelwe go ya ka taolo ya thuto ya tikologo dikolong. Dikutollo tša nyakišišo ye di akaretša gape le go hlabolla mohlala wa thuto ya tikologo ka lefapheng la thuto seo se dirilego tšhomišo ya maano ao a ka thušago go laola kharikhulamo ya thuto ya tikologo. Ka fao, go šišinywa gore diteng tša thuto ya tikologo di rulaganywe leswa go hlokomela go šoma go swanela gabotse mekgwa ya bjale ya bophelo. Gape go šišinywa gore bakgathatema ka moka ba amege go e na le go nagana gore taolo ya thuto ya tikologo ke maikarabelo a morutiši a nnoši gomme ba amege tlhabollong le go tšea diphetho go ya ka taolo ya thuto ya tikologo. Kudukudu, ka ge lefase le itemogela mathata a lefase ka bophara, go šišinywa gore re se ke ra labalabela fela setšhaba sa toka, eupša setšhaba seo se kgonago go lwantšha mathata ka moka a lefase ka bophara e sa le ka pela gore se phele setšhabeng sa go ya go ile. 2022-09-04T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31482 Framework model for financing sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure in Zimbabwe Mundonde, Justice The specific objectives of this study were three-fold: to analyse global public-private partnerships (PPP) models commonly used in providing water and sanitation services in urban settlements, and assess their applicability to the Zimbabwean context; to identify and confirm determinant factors to financing of water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe; and to develop a framework for financing of water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe. It was observed that diverse PPP models such as build-operate-transfer (BOT), build-operate-own (BOO), build-operate-own-transfer (BOOT), and rehabilitate-operate-transfer (ROT) concession contracts as well as management and lease contracts have been used in countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, Senegal and Namibia. Of these models, the most frequently used PPP models are the management and lease contracts especially when the physical infrastructure asset exist. Countries such as South Africa have adopted a situational approach to aligning water infrastructure projects with suitable PPP models. Using principal components analysis (PCA), the study developed a governance index (GIX) and a financial market development index (FDX). Through literature survey, determinants of water and sanitation PPP financing were identified. A blend of Poisson and Tobit regression techniques were used to empirically confirm determinants that influence water and sanitation PPP financing in Zimbabwe. In the main, financing of water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe is influenced by GDP per capita, FDI, Stock market capitalisation to GDP ratio, Domestic bank credit to GDP, the ratio of bank credit to bank deposits, Non-performing loans as well as the governance variables of the control of corruption, voice and accountability and the rule of law. The PCA-developed financial development index insignificantly influence water and sanitation PPP financing. Contrastingly, the institutional governance index is confirmed to have significant influence on water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe. Over and above presenting a framework to unlock financing of water and sanitation infrastructure projects in Zimbabwe, the study recommended, in view of the findings, that through the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), structural reforms must be implemented to enhance the capacity of domestic capital markets to assimilate large public share issuance. Reforms that entail revising the stock market listing requirements to accommodate infrastructure project companies that have short operating history to facilitate their access to short and long-term financing are critical for water infrastructure development in Zimbabwe. Financial governing authorities are further advised to work on developing liquid domestic government bond market with a long-term yield curve. A long-term yield curve provides a benchmark for risk pricing in infrastructure projects. The government can work with multilateral institutions such as the AfDB in order to generate a positive signalling effect to investors that they can issue bonds on the ZSE. Furthermore, in order to diversify the portfolio of PPP sponsors, the government of Zimbabwe is advised to enforce the current legal frame works in order to improve the country’s ranking with respect to institutional quality. Relative to Chinese sponsors, European and American investors are sensitive to institutional quality prior to committing investment funds. With regard to further research, the study recognises that the scope of partnerships for water infrastructure development has metamorphosed to include other structures such as multi-stake holder partnerships (MSPs) and water operator partnerships (WOPs). Further studies can examine these forms of partnerships in detail either singularly or collectively. Source of finance discussed in this study can be disaggregated and examined to build frameworks for financing water and sanitation infrastructure in Zimbabwe or other parts of the world.; Izinjongo eziqondile zalolu cwaningo zazihlukene kathathu: ukuhlaziya amamodeli wobambiswano lukahulumeni nelizimele (BHZ) ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsiza zamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle ezindaweni zokuhlala zasemadolobheni, kanye nokuhlola ukuthi zisebenza kanjani esimweni saseZimbabwe; ukuhlonza kanye nokuqinisekisa izici ezinqumayo ekuxhaseni ngezimali zo-BHZ amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe; kanye nokwenza uhlaka lokuxhasa ngezimali zo-BHZ amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe. Kwaqashelwa ukuthi amamodeli o-BHZ ahlukahlukene afana no- ukwakha-sebenzisa-dlulisa (USD), ukwakha-sebenzisa-okwakho (USO), ukwakha- sebenzisa- okwakho- dlulisela (USOD), kanye noku- vuselela-sebenzisa-dlulisa (VSD) izinkontileka zemvumelwano kanye nezinkontileka zokuphatha nezokuqashisa zisetshenziswe emazweni afana neNigeria, iNingizimu Afrika, iSenegal kanye neNamibia. Kulawa mamodeli, amamodeli o-BHZ asetshenziswa kakhulu awokuphatha kanye nezinkontileka zokuqashisa ikakhulukazi uma impahla yengqalasizinda ebonakalayo ikhona. Amazwe, njengeNingizimu Afrika, asebenzise indlela ehambisana nezimo yokuhlanganisa imiklamo yengqalasizinda yamanzi namamodeli o-Bhz afanelekile. Kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko (UKE), ucwaningo lwakha inkomba yokubusa (IY) kanye nenkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zezimali (NYKZ). Ngocwaningo lwemibhalo, izinkomba zokuxhaswa ngezimali ko-BHZ yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle zihlonziwe. Inhlanganisela yezindlela zokuhlehla ze-Poisson kanye ne-Tobit zasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni izinqumo ezithonya uxhaso lwe-BHZ yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwama-BHZ amanzi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle eZimbabwe kuthonywa yi-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye, i-FDI, imali ezimakethe zamasheya kuya kwesilinganiso se-GDP, isikweletu sebhange lasekhaya ku-GDP, isilinganiso sesikweletu sebhange kumadiphozithi asebhange, izikweletu ezingasebenzi, kanye njengezinguquko zokuphatha zokulawulwa kwenkohlakalo, izwi kanye nokuziphendulela kanye nomthetho. Inkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwezimali ethuthukisiwe ye-PCA ayinamthelela ongatheni kwezezimali ze-BHZ zamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle. Ngokuphambene, inkomba yokubusa kwesikhungo iqinisekisiwe ukuthi inomthelela omkhulu ku-BHZ wamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe. Ngaphezulu kwalokho kwethulwa uhlaka lokuvula uxhaso lwezimali zamaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda yamanzi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle eZimbabwe, ucwaningo luncome, ngokubheka imiphumela, ukuthi ngeSecurities Exchange Commission (SEC), kumele kwenziwe uguquko lwezakhiwo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla emali yasekhaya. izimakethe ukuze zihlanganise ukukhishwa kwamasheya omphakathi amakhulu. Izinguquko ezibandakanya ukubuyekezwa kohlu lwezimakethe zamasheya ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinkampani zephrojekthi yengqalasizinda ezinomlando omfishane wokusebenza ukuze zikwazi ukuthola uxhaso lwezimali zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda yamanzi eZimbabwe. Iziphathimandla eziphethe ezezimali zelulekwa ukuthi zisebenzele ukuthuthukisa imakethe yebhondi kahulumeni ewuketshezi enejika lesikhathi eside lesivuno. Ijika lesivuno lesikhathi eside linikeza ibhentshimakhi yamanani entengo kumaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda. Uhulumeni angasebenza nenhlanganiso zezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana le AfDB ukuze aveze impumela emihle kubatshalizimali ukuze bakhiphe amabhondi ku-ZSE. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kwehlukaniseke iphothifoliyo yabaxhasi bo-BHZ, uHulumeni waseZimbabwe uyalulekwa ukuba asebenzise uhlaka lwezomthetho lwamanje ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lezwe maqondana nekhwalithi yesikhungo. Ngokuphathelene nabaxhasi baseShayina, abatshalizimali baseYurophu nabaseMelika bathathela ekhanda ikhwalithi yesikhungo ngaphambi kokutshala izimali. Maqondana noluqhuba ucwaningo, ucwaningo luyabona ukuthi ububanzi bobambiswano lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yamanzi selushintshile ukuze lufake phakathi nezinye izinhlaka ezifana nobudlelwane obubambisene nababambiqhaza kanye nobudlelwano bokusebenzisa amanzi (UBA). Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungahlola lezi zinhlobo zobambiswano ngokujulile, kungaba ngobunye noma ngokuhlanganyela. Umthombo wezimali okuxoxwe ngawo kulolu cwaningo ungahlukaniswa futhi uhlolwe ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlaka zokuxhasa ngezimali ingqalasizinda yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe noma kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.; Iinjongo ezingundoqo zesi sifundo zazintlantlu ntathu: yayikukuhlalutya iindlela zentsebenziswano yamaqumrhu abucala nakarhulumente (iiPPPs) ekunikezeleni iinkonzo zamanzi nococeko ezindaweni zasezidolophini, kujongwe nokuba zingasebenza na eZimbabwe; ukunakana nokuqinisekisa imiba elawulayo ekunikeni imali iiPPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe; kunye nokuqulunqa isakhelo sokunika imali iiPPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe. Kwaqapheleka ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonikezelo mali nolawulo lweePPPs ezifana nezo zaziwa ngezishunqulelo ezithi BOT omele ukuthi yakha-sebenzisa-dlulisela, BOO: yakha-sebenzisa-yiba ngumnini, BOOT: yakha-sebenzisa-yiba ngumnini-dlulisela kunye neROT: vuselela-sebenzisa-dlulisela ziyasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe afana neNigeria, UMzantsi Afrika, iSenegal neNamibia. Eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi ndlela zeePPPs yindlela yezivumelwano zokulawula nokuqeshisa ngakumbi xa zikhona izibonelelo nobuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza. Amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, asebenzisa indlela yokusebenza apho kungqanyaniswa iiprojekthi zobuxhakaxhaka bamanzi neendlela zePPPs ezifanelekileyo. Ngokuhlalutya kuqwalaselwa imiba engundoqo (PCA), esi sifundo savela nesalathiso sokulawula (GIX) kunye nesalathiso sophuhliso lwemarike yezemali (FDX). Kwaphengululwa uluncwadi kwaze kwafunyaniswa izikhokelo zokunikela ngemali kwiiPPPs. Kwasetyenziswa umxube weendlela zohlalutyo iPoisson neTobit ukuqinisekisa imiba ekhokela ukuxhaswa ngemali kweePPPs eZimbabwe. Kuyacaca ukuba ukuxhaswa ngemali kweePPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe kufuthelwa yile miba ilandelayo, neyaziwa ngesiNgesi ngolu hlobo: GDP per capita, FDI, imarike yestokhwe kwireshiyo ye GDP, amatyala ebhanki kwiGDP, ireshiyo yetyala lebhanki kwimali engenayo. Amatyala angasebenziyo kwakunye nemiba ngemiba yolawulo lobuqhophololo, amazwi nokuphendula, kunye nolawulo lomthetho. Isikhokelo sonikezelo mali esaphuhliswa yiPCA sinefuthe elimandla kuxhaso mali lweePPPs zamanzi nococeko. Kunjalo kunje, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba isalathiso solawulo lwamaziko sinefuthe elinamandla kwiiPPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe. Ukongeza ekunikezeleni ngesakhelo sokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zobuxhakaxhaka bamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe, esi sifundo sicebisa ukuba kubekho inguqu zokomeleza iimarike zemali zagaphakathi, oko kusenziwa ngokukhokelwa yikhomishini eyiSecurities Exchange Commission (SEC), ngenjongo yokubandakanya imvumelwano yoluntu jikelele. Iinguqu zokuphucula eziquka ukuhlaziya imiqathango yodweliso kwimarike yestokhwe ngenjongo yokulungiselela ubuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza kwiinkampani ezinikwa imali nezinembali emfutshane yokusebenza zifuneka kakhulu eZimbabwe. Abasemagunyeni kwezolawulo lweemali bayacetyiswa ukuba baphuhlise imarike yokubolekisa elula neyenza intlawulo ethatha ixesha elide. Intlawulo ethatha ixesha elide ibeka umgangatho kumngcipheko wokuseka amaxabiso kwiiprojekthi zobuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza. Urhulumente angasebenzisana namaziko anamacandelo amaninzi njengeAfDB ngenjongo zokukhuthaza abatyali mali ukwenzela ukuba babolekise ngemali kwiZSE. Ngaphaya koko, ukwandisa nokudala iintlobontlobo zeepotifoliyo zabaxhasi beePPPs, urhulumente waseZimbabwe ucetyiswa ukuba aqinisele izakhelo zasemthethweni ezikhoyo ngenjongo yokuphucula isimo sesizwe ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho wamaziko. Xa kuthelekiswa nabaxhasi baseChina, abatyali mali baseYurophu naseMelika bawuqwalasela nzulu umgangatho weziko ngaphambi kokunikezela ngemali. Malunga nophando oluthe chatha, esi sifundo siyaqonda ukuba intsebenziswano kwimicimbi yobuxhakaxhaka bomsebenzi kwezamanzi iyaguquguquka kwaye iquka nabanye abathathi nxaxheba njengeendibanisela zabathathi nxaxheba abaninzi (MSPs) kunye neendibanisela zabasebenzi manzi (WOPs). Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zisengaxilonga nzulu ezi ndidi zentsebenziswano ngokukodwa okanye ngokwengqokelela. Imithombo yokunikezela ngemali ingacazululwa ixilongwe ukuze kuyilwe izakhelo zokunikezela ngemali kubuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza amanzi nococeko eZimbabwe okanye kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi. Text in English, abstract in English, Zulu and Xhosa 2022-10-24T00:00:00Z