https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30861 2026-05-05T12:52:20Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32417 A model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention within the science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (stem) field Baloyi, Joyce The primary aim of this study was to develop a model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention within science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) field. The secondary aim was to determine the demographic characteristics of employees (gender, marital status, age, educational qualifications and tenure) moderating their retention. A cross–sectional quantitative research design was followed, using explanatory and descriptive research. The data was collected through an online survey, with a questionnaire administered to a sample of 458 engineering employees in South Africa to collect the biographical information and measure their employee engagement, motivation and resilience for retention. The Employee Engagement Instrument of Nienaber and Martins (2014) was used to measure the three dimensions of employee engagement; the Work Preference Inventory of Amabile (1987) to measure the two dimensions of motivation; the Stress Adaptation Scale of Phan et al. (2019a) to measure the two dimensions of employee resilience; and the Turnover Intention Scale 6 of Roodt (2004) to measure employee retention. Based on the literature review, a theoretical model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention in STEM was developed and empirically tested through structural equation modelling (SEM). Regression analysis was performed using the dependent variable employee retention (turnover intention) and the independent variables employee engagement, motivation and employee resilience. These variables were entered into the model to explain their total variance in terms of employee retention. The three independent variables explained 38% (large effect size) of the variance in turnover intentions. This suggests that the total variance in the dependent variable is explained by the three independent variables. The results revealed significant relationships between the three independent variables. Specifically, they revealed employee engagement as the significant predictor of turnover intention. A final model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention within STEM was developed based on the statistical analysis with simplified representations of complex systems, processes or behaviours for understanding how to create an environment to allow women in STEM to be engaged, motivated and resilient to thrive amid challenges. Based on the research results, recommendations are made for industrial psychology professionals to advance employee engagement, motivation and resilience for retention practices in STEM.; Maikaelelomagolo a thutopatlisiso eno e ne e le go dira sekao ka go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, go rotloediwa ga bone le boitsetsepelo jwa bone go netefatsa gore badiri ba basadi ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong ya mo maphateng a Saense, Thekenoloji, Boenjeneri kgotsa Mmetshe (STEM). Maikaelelo a bobedi e ne e le go tlhomamisa dipharologantsho tsa dipalopalo tsa badiri go laola netefatso ya gore ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong, dipharologantsho tsa bong, maemo a lenyalo, dingwaga, dithutego le pakatiro. Go latetswe mokgwa wa tlhomamiso e e sekasekang dipalopalo tse di kgobokantsweng ka nako e e rileng, ka go dirisa tlhotlhomiso e e tlhalosang tiragalo e e rileng le gore ke goreng e diragetse. Go kgobokantswe deitha ka go dirisa patlisiso ya mo inthaneteng, ka lenaanepotso le le dirisitsweng mo sampoleng ya badiri ba le 458 ba baenjeneri mo Aforika Borwa go kgobokanya tshedimosetso ka ga botshelo jwa bone le go lekanya go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, go rotloediwa ga bone le boitsetsepelo jwa bone go netefatsa go tswelela go nna teng ga bone mo tirong. Go dirisitswe sediriswa se se lekanyang go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong (Nienaber & Martins 2014) go lekanya matlhakore a le mararo a go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong; go dirisitswe lenaanepotso la gore ba kgothadiwa ke eng kgotsa ba nyemisiwa mooko ke eng ka tiro ya bone (Amabile 1987) go lekanya matlhakore a mabedi a thotloetso; go dirisitswe sekale sa bokgoni jwa go dira sentle mo maemong a kgatelelomaikutlo (Phan et al. 2019a) go lekanya matlhakore a mabedi a boitsetsepelo jwa badiri; mme go dirisitswe sekale se se lekanyang tshwetso le keletso ya badiri go batla tiro e nngwe go sele sa 6 (Roodt 2004) go lekanya netefatso ya go tswelela go nna le badiri mo tirong. Go ya ka tshekatsheko ya dikwalo, sekao sa tiori sa go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, go rotloediwa ga bone go netefatsa gore badiri ba basadi ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong mo STEM se dirilwe le go lekeletswa ka go dirisa mekgwatiriso e e farologaneng ya go sekaseka dikamano tse di raraaneng fa gare ga dilekanngwa tse di lebeletsweng ka tlhamalalo le tse di sa lebelelwang ka tlhamalalo (SEM). Go diragaditswe tshekatsheko e e bonelang pele dipalopalo ka go dirisa selekanngwa se se ikaegileng ka se sengwe sa go netefatsa gore badiri ba tswelela go nna teng kwa tirong (tshwetso le keletso ya badiri go batla tiro e nngwe go sele) le dilekanngwa tse di ka fetolwang ke motlhotlhomisi go bona dipholo tse di farologaneng mo go akanyediweng ga badiri mo tirong ya viii bone, go rotloediwa le boitsetsepelo jwa badiri. Dilekanngwa tseno di tsentswe mo sekaong go tlhalosa pharologano yotlhe ya tsone malebana le netefatso ya go tswelela go nna le badiri mo tirong. Dilekanngwa tse tharo tse di kgonang go fetolwa di tlhalositse 38.0% (pharologano ya botlhokwa) ya pharologano mo ditshwetsong le dikeletso tsa go batla tiro e nngwe go sele. Seno se tshitsinya gore pharologano yotlhe mo selekanngweng se se ikaegileng ka tse dingwe e tlhalosiwa ke dilekanngwa tse tharo tse di kgonang go fetolwa. Dipholo di senotse dikamano tsa botlhokwa fa gare ga dilekanngwa tse tharo tse motlhotlhomisi o kgonang go di fetola go fitlhelela dipholo tse di farologaneng. Segolo bogolo, di senotse go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong jaaka sebonelapele sa botlhokwa sa tshwetso le keletso ya modiri go batla tiro e e botoka go sele. Sekao sa bofelo sa go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, thotloetso le boitsetsepelo go netefatsa gore badiri ba basadi ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong ya mo STEM se tlhamilwe go ikaegile ka tshekatsheko ya dipalopalo tse di nang le ditlhaloso tse di nolofaditsweng tsa mekgwatsamaiso e e raraaneng, ditirego tse di rileng kgotsa maitsholo a go tlhaloganya tsela ya go tlhama maemo a a neelang basadi ba ba mo STEM tšhono ya tsaya karolo, go rotloediwa le go nna le boitsetsepelo gore ba atlege le fa ba dikaganyeditswe ke dikgwetlho. Go ikaegile ka dipholo tsa tlhotlhomiso, go atlanegisiwa gore baporofešenale ba ba tsepamisang mo maitsholong a badiri mo lefelotirong la bone ba tsweledise go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, thotloetso ya bone le boitsetsepelo jwa bone go direla mekgwatiriso ya go netefatsa gore ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong ya mo STEM.; Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukusungula imodeli yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa kwabesifazane ngaphakathi kwemikhakha yeSayensi, Ubuchwepheshe, Ubunjiniyela noma Izibalo noma Science, Technology, Engineering or Mathematics (STEM). Inhloso yesibili kwakuwukunquma izici zezibalo zabasebenzi abalinganisa ukugcinwa kwabo, okungukuthi ubulili, isimo somshado, ubudala, iziqu zemfundo kanye neminyaka yokusebenza. Kwalandelwa idizayini yocwaningo lobuningi obuhlukene, kusetshenziswa ucwaningo oluchazayo noluchazayo. Idatha yaqoqwa ngocwaningo lwe-inthanethi, nohlu lwemibuzo olunikezwe isampula yabasebenzi bonjiniyela abangama-458 eNingizimu Afrika ukuze baqoqe imininingwane yabo yezomlando kanye nokukala ukusebenzelana kwabo nabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina ukuze bagcinwe. Ithuluzi lokubandakanya abasebenzi (u-Nienaber & Martins 2014) lasetshenziswa ukukala izilinganiso ezintathu zokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi; i-inventory yezintandokazi zomsebenzi (Amabile 1987) yasetshenziswa ukukala izilinganiso ezimbili zokugqugquzela; isikali sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokucindezeleka (Phan et al. 2019a) sasetshenziswa ukukala izinhlangothi ezimbili zokuqina kwabasebenzi; kanye nesikali senhloso yesi-6 (Roodt 2004) sasetshenziswa ukukala ukugcinwa kwabasebenzi. Ngokusekelwe ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi, imodeli yetiyetha yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa kwabesifazane ku-STEM yathuthukiswa futhi yavivinywa ngokwamandla isakhiwo semodeli yezibalo noma nge-structural equation modeling (SEM). Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukugcinwa kwabasebenzi okuncikile (inhloso yenzuzo) kanye nokuhlukahluka okuzimele kokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kwabasebenzi. Lokhu okuguquguqukayo kwafakwa kumodeli ukuze kuchazwe ukuhluka kwazo okuphelele mayelana nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi. Okuhluka okuthathu okuzimele kuchaze ama-38.0% (usayizi womphumela omkhulu) wokuhluka kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuhluka okuphelele kokuhluka okuncikile kuchazwa yiziguquguquko ezintathu ezizimele. Imiphumela iveze ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kweziguquko ezintathu ezizimele. Ngokukhethekile, baveze ukuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi njengesibikezelo esibalulekile senhloso yenzuzo. Imodeli yokugcina yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa x kwabesifazane ngaphakathi kwe-STEM yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo ngezethulo ezilula zezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinqubo noma ukuziphatha ukuze kuqondwe indlela yokudala indawo yokuvumela abesifazane ku-STEM ukuba bahlanganyele, bagqugquzelwe futhi baqine ukuze baphumelele phakathi kwezinselele. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo, izincomo zenzelwe ochwepheshe bezengqondo yezezimboni ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kwezinqubo zokugcinwa ku-STEM. 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32259 The role of the Women Development Groups in empowering rural women in the Wolaita Zone of Southern Ethiopia Tarekegn Sakato Sama Rural women in Ethiopia, particularly in the Wolaita Zone, face complex challenges stemming from limited access to resources, systemic neglect of their contributions, and pervasive gender inequalities reinforced by cultural and socioeconomic constraints. In response, the Ethiopian Government has promoted grassroots structures such as Women’s Development Groups (WDGs). Anchored in the Critical Paradigm and guided by feminist intersectional theory, this study examines the role of WDGs in advancing women’s empowerment through social justice, emancipation, and holistic support. A mixed-methods approach was employed, integrating a systematic review of 142 studies, household surveys (n = 400), 16 focus group discussions, and 42 key informant interviews. The Women’s Empowerment Index (WEI) was used in conjunction with qualitative thematic and gender analysis to capture both measurable outcomes and lived experiences. The findings demonstrate that WDGs significantly enhance rural women’s economic empowerment, health, nutrition, community initiatives, and political participation. The overall WEI score (78.9/100) indicates substantial progress in income (19.92/20) and leadership (15.87/20), but persistent deficits remain in agency (15.25/20), time (11.21/20), and equitable access to resources (16.65/20). While women’s financial empowerment has improved, their decision making power and freedom from domestic time burdens remain constrained, and spousal abuse continues to undermine agency. Leadership opportunities, though increasing, often lack substantive authority. These results confirm that WDGs serve as vital grassroots vehicles for empowerment but cannot alone dismantle structural inequities such as patriarchal norms, weak institutional support, and unequal domestic labor. The study makes a conceptual contribution by framing WDGs as both service conduits and transformative actors within Ethiopia’s rural development agenda. Methodologically, it advances the application of the Women’s Empowerment Index to grassroots interventions. This study recommends a harmonized Theory of Change, gender-transformative programming, multi-sectoral integration, robust monitoring, and strengthened human resources at the kebele level. Together, these measures can sustain WDG achievements and advance gender equality in rural Ethiopia. 2025-08-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32130 Impophomobuciko yemiba yamabhinqa nesini kwimibongo echongiweyo yesiXhosa Thengimfene, Anelisa Olu phandonzulu luphonononga nzulu ukuzotywa kwamabhinqa kwimibongo yesiXhosa echongiweyo, kugxilwe kwimibongo ebhalwe ziimbongi ezingamadoda nabasetyhini, kubekwe umnwe kwimixholo yobugorha, ubutshantliziyo, ubunkokeli nobunina. Imibongo echongiweyo iquka: Umfikazi uCharlotte Mnyhi Maxeke ngokubhalwe nguSEK Mqhayi, A! No-Ndwe nguSEK Mqhayi, uMfikazi uNkskz uNozizwe Sigcawu nguDLP Yali-Manisi, Umfikazi uFrances Nonhi Mkencele nguSEK Mqhayi, A! Nosimo! NguS. Ngqongqwana, UNobomi nguSG Mama, Umfikazi uMbokazi nguSEK Mqhayi, kunye noUWinnie Madikizela-Mandela ngokubhalwe nguS Maputi. Le mibongo ityunjwe ngenxa yokuzoba abafazi kwiindima ezintsonkothileyo ezicel' umngeni izithethe zesini zemveli kwaye iqaqambise igalelo loluntu kunye nokuchasa okulindelweyo ngokwesini. Olu phandonzulu lujonge ukufumanisa ukuba indlela abazotywe ngayo abasetyhini inegalelo njani kwinguqu yentlalo kunye nokulingana ngokwesini. Uphononongo lusebenzisa uphandontyilazwi ukuqokelela ulwazi, ngakumbi uhlalutyo lomxholo, ukuphanda amaqhinga olwimi kunye nezixhobo zoncwadi zesiNtu ezisetyenziswe kwimibongo. Le ndlela yenza ukuba umphandinzulu akwazi ukuphonononga nzulu ukuba obu buchule boncwadi bunegalelo njani ekuzotyweni kwabasetyhini kwimisebenzi ekhethiweyo. Uphononongo nzulu luqulunqwe phakathi kwezithako ezimbini: Ubufazi baseAfrika, obujongene nemiba yabasetyhini baseAfrika, kunye nesithako sesini, esinika imiba ebanzi yokuphonononga ukuhlangana kwesini, kubandakanywa iimbono zamadoda kunye nabafazi. Ekugqibeleni, olu phononongonzulu lunegalelo kwiingxoxo mpikiswano eziqhubekayo malunga nokumelwa ngokwesini kuncwadi lwesiNtu, ngakumbi kwimeko yesihobe sesiXhosa, lunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo malunga nokukhula kwamabhinqa kwizithethe zoncwadi lwesiNtu. 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32120 Perceptions of adolescents in Gauteng, South Africa towards gender roles Mokhesi, Teboho Maxwell Gender roles remain one of the most contentious subjects in modern society, due to their far-reaching consequences on both structural and cultural norms. Perceptions of gender roles vary significantly among individuals, ranging from traditional to more egalitarian views. Until recently, research has predominantly focused on adult perspectives, with little attention given to adolescents, particularly in the Global South. This study seeks to address this gap by exploring South African adolescents’ understanding of gender roles within the context of the country’s patriarchal values. The study followed a qualitative research paradigm, guided by feminist approaches and social role theory. A narrative inquiry method was used to gather data from six participants (three males and three females) between 18 and 20 years old (at the time of the study), recruited through snowball sampling. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and the data were analysed thematically. The findings reveal that traditional gender roles remain pervasive in the lives of South African adolescents from Gauteng, although the impact on individual agency varies depending on the context. Parents play a key role in transmitting gender role expectations, but these influences are often shaped by the adolescents’ broader social environments, including peers and media. In conclusion, traditional gender roles continue to shape gender relations among South African adolescents. The study highlights the complex and fluid nature of gender and gender role attitudes, emphasising the need for ongoing dialogue and a commitment to improving gender relations in society.; Dikarolo tsa bong e ntse e le e nngwe ya ditaba tse tsosang kgang setjhabeng sa sejwale-jwale ka lebaka la ditlamorao tse kgolo ho ditlwaelo tsa popeho le setso. Maikutlo a dikarolo tsa bong a fapana haholo hara batho, ho tloha moetlong ho ya ho maikutlo a tekano. Ho fihlela morao tjena, diphuputso di shebile haholo maikutlo a batho ba baholo, ho sa natswe tlhokomelo e nyane ho batjha, haholo-holo lefatsheng le ka Borwa. Phuputso ena e shebana le ho rarolla lekgalo lena ka ho lekola kutlwisiso ya batjha ba Afrika Borwa mabapi le dikarolo tsa tekano ho latela maemo a naha a bopatriareka. Phuputso ena e ile ya latela mohlala wa boleng ba dipatlisiso, o tataiswang ke mekgwa ya bosadi le kgopolo-taba ya karolo ya setjhaba. Ho sebedisitswe mokgwa wa ho etsa dipatlisiso ho bokella datha ho tswa ho bankakarolo ba tsheletseng (ba batona ba bararo le ba batshehadi ba bararo) ba dipakeng tsa dilemo tse 18-19, ba thaothuweng ka disampole tsa ho thaotha. Dipuisano tse batlang di hlophisitswe hantle di ile tsa etswa, mme datha ya hlahlojwa ka mokgwa o hlophisitsweng. Diphumano di senola hore dikarolo tsa moetlo tsa bong di dula di atile maphelong a batjha ba Afrika Borwa ba tswang Gauteng, leha ditlamorao ho mokgatlo ka mong di fapana ho latela maemo. Batswadi ba bapala karolo ya bohlokwa ho fetiseng ditebello tsa karolo ya bong, empa ditshusumetso tsena hangata di hlohlelletswa ke maemo a bophelo a batjha, ho kenyeletswa dithaka le metjha ya phatlalatso ya ditaba. Qetellong, dikarolo tsa setso tsa bong di tswelapele ho theha dikamano tsa bong hara batjha ba Afrika Borwa. Phuputso e totobatsa semelo se rarahaneng le se sa rarahanang sa maikutlo a karolo ya botona le botshehadi, ho hatisa tlhokahalo ya dipuisano tse tswelang pele le boitlamo ba ho ntlafatsa dikamano tsa tekano setjhabeng.; Iqhaza lezobulili lilokhu lingesinye sezihloko ezidida kakhulu emphakathini wanamuhla ngenxa yemiphumela enembangela enkulu ekwakhekeni nasezimisweni zamasiko. Yehluke kakhulu imibono yabantu ngeqhaza lezobulili, kusukela ekubukeni ngokwesiko kuye ngokokulingana. Njengamanje-ke, ucwaningo luzogxile kakhulu emibonweni yabantu abadala, kube kuncane kakhulu okuyimibono yentsha, ikakhulu engxenyeni eseNingizimu yomhlaba. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukubhekana negebe elikhona ngokuthi luhlonze lokho okuqondwa yintsha yaseNingizimu Afrika mayelana neqhaza lezobulili ngokwezimiso zenzalabantu ezweni. Ucwaningo lusebenzise uhlelo lokuhlaziya iqophelo, ngokuqondiswa yizindlela zokuvikelwa kwabesifazane kanye netiyori emayelana neqhaza lomphakathi. Lapha kusetshenziswe indlela yophenyo elandisayo ukuze kuqoqwe idatha kubabambiqhaza abayisithupha (abesilisa abathathu nabesifazane abathathu) abaphakathi kweminyaka eyi-18-19 ubudala, abatholakale ngokohlelo lokubanxenxa. Kwenziwa inhlolovo evulelekile, kwase kuthi idatha yona yahlaziywa ngokwengqikithi yocwaningo. Imiphumela iveza ukuthi iqhaza lezobulili ngokwesintu lisalokhu lihamba phambili empilweni yentsha eNingizimu Afrika ehlala eGauteng, nakuba umthelela walokhu kumuntu ngamunye wehlukile kuye ngesimo esibhekwayo. Abazali badlala indima ebalulekile ekufundiseni ngalokho okulindelekile ngokweqhaza lezobulili, kodwa lokhu kudalwa nayisimo senhlalo kubantu abasha, okuhlanganisa nontanga kanye nabezindaba. Uma sesiphetha, iqhaza lezobulili ngokwesintu liyaqhubeka nokubumba ubudlelwano bobulili entsheni yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ucwaningo lugqamisa ukwehluka nesimo semvelo yobulili kanjalo nokuziphatha ngokweqhaza lezobulili, ngokugqugquzela isidingo sokuba nezingxoxo kanjalo nokuzibophezela ekwenzeni ngcono ubudlelwano bezobulili emphakathini. Abstract in English with Sepedi and Zulu summaries 2024-10-03T00:00:00Z