https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/2735 2026-05-11T21:30:51Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32437 A Gauteng province-based case study to explore the influence of business incubation process on entrepreneurial performance and growth post incubation Serwadi, Lesego Coretta Business incubators in the Gauteng province are supported by key economic stakeholders and are strategically positioned in areas of industry-specific activities. However, given the support provided by incubators to incubatees, little is known regarding the influence and impact of business incubation services on the performance and sustainability of businesses once they leave or graduate from business incubation programmes. This research study sought to explore if the influence and resources provided during business incubation processes enabled entrepreneurs to develop and grow their business in the market post-incubation. The study further explored whether business incubators equip incubatees with sufficient resources for continued existence in the market post business incubation. The research study applied the theory of business incubation and the theory of entrepreneurial value creation. The theory of business incubation provided an input approach in the identification of business incubation phases which are (a) idea formulation, (b) decision to proceed, (c) resource gathering, (d) launch of a new enterprise and (e) firm development. The entrepreneurial value creation theory served as an output identification process in the stages of entrepreneurial growth which are (a) entrepreneurial opportunity, (b) entrepreneurial competence and (c) entrepreneurial reward. The interpretivist study followed a qualitative methodology and triangulated using a literature review, interviews with post-incubatees and focus group-sessions with incubation managers, practitioners and programme and policy developers. The findings indicated that all post-incubatees interviewed are still operating their businesses although some have diversified from their original business concepts. Although post-incubatees’ businesses are still in operation, they continue to experience numerous challenges such as market barriers and lack of funding for capital and operational needs. These challenges could have been identified and resolved during the business incubation phases. A further finding was that business incubators lack monitoring and evaluation systems to assess and track the performance of post-incubatees’ businesses after they have left or graduated from a business incubation programme, meaning, the influence of business incubators was previously never measured. Interviews were conducted with ten post-incubatees and three focus group sessions were convened with incubation practitioners and policy developers. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in that the theory of business incubation and the theory of entrepreneurial value creation established a connection between the inputs supplied throughout the business incubation phases and the entrepreneurial outcomes generated within the value creation process. The study developed two frameworks; the first framework was on the influence of business incubation services on the performance of businesses during a business incubation process. The second framework was on the influence of business incubation services of the performance of businesses after leaving or graduating from a business incubation programme. These frameworks aim to assist in the impact assessment and enhancement of business incubation support services during and post-incubation which can be used in a theoretical and practical context. The study proposes that future business incubation support and research should not only be limited to a qualitative methodology, but a quantitative methodology and should also be utilised in future to measure the influence of business incubation process on entrepreneurial performance and growth post incubation.; Ditshegetsi tsa dikgwebo mo porofenseng ya Gauteng di tshegediwa ke bannaleseabe ba botlhokwa ba ikonomi mme ba beilwe ka kelotlhoko ma mafelong a rileng a intasetirii. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya tshegetso e e tlamelwang ke ditshegetsi go batshegediwa, ga go itsiwe go le kalo mabapi le tlhotlheletso le khuetso ya ditirelo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo mo tirong gammogo le ka moo dikgwebo di ka kgonang go ikemela ka dinao morago ga go aloga mo mananeong a tshegetso a. Patlisiso eno e ne e batla go sekaseka gore a tshegetso le didirisiwa tse di neng di tlamelwa ka nako ya dithulaganyo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo di kgontshitse bagwebi go tlhabolola le go godisa dikgwebo tsa bone mo mmarakeng morago ga go tshegediwa. Patlisiso e ne ya tswelela go sekaseka gore a ditshegetsi tsa dikgwebo di tlamela batshegediwa ka didirisiwa tse di lekaneng go tswelela go nna teng mo mmarakeng morago ga go tshegediwa ga dikgwebo tsa bone. Patlisiso e dirisitse tiori ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo le tiori ya go tlhama boleng jwa dikgwebo. Tiori ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo e ne ya tlamela ka mokgwa wa go tsenya tshedimosetso mo go tlhaoleng dikgato tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo tseo e leng (a) go tlhama dikakanyo; (b) tshwetso ya go tswelela; (c) kokoanyo ya didirisiwa; (d) go thankgololwa ga kgwebo e ntšhwa; le (e) tlhabololo e e tiileng. Tiori ya go tlhama boleng jwa dikgwebo e ne ya dira jaaka thulaganyo ya go supa dipholo mo dikgatong tsa kgolo ya dikgwebo tse e leng (a) tšhono ya kgwebo; (b) bokgoni jwa kgwebo; le (c) tuelo ya kgwebo. Patlisiso ya tlhaloso e ne ya latela mokgwa wa boleng le go dira dikarolo tse tharo ka tiriso ya tshekatsheko ya dikwalo, ditherisano le batshegediwa morago ga tshegetso le dithulaganyo tsa setlhopha se se tsepameng le batsamaisi ba go tshegetsa, badiragatsi le batlhabolodi ba lenaneo le pholisi. Diphitlhelelo di supile gore batshegediwa botlhe morago ga tshegetso ba ba rerisitsweng ba santse ba tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone le fa ba bangwe ba bone ba farologane go tswa mo dikgopolong tsa bone tsa fa ba ne ba tlhama dikgwebo. Le fa dikgwebo tsa morago ga go tshegediwa di santse di dira, di tswelela go itemogela dikgwetlho di le dintsi tse di jaaka dikgoreletsi tsa mebaraka le tlhaelo ya matlole a ditlhokego tsa matlole le tsa tiro. Dikgwetlho tse di ka bo di supilwe le go rarabololwa ka nako ya dikgato tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo. Phitlhelelo e nngwe e ne e le gore ditshegetsi tsa dikgwebo di tlhoka ditsamaiso tsa go baya leitlho le go sekaseka go latedisa tiragatso ya dikgwebo tsa morago ga go tshegediwa morago ga gore di tswe kgotsa di aloge mo lenaneong la go tshegetso ya dikgwebo,se se rayang gore tlhotlheletso ya ditshegetsi tsa kgwebo e ne e sa ke ya lekanngwa mo nakong e fetileng. Ditherisano di ne tsa tshwarwa le batshegediwa ba le lesome morago ga tshegetso mme go ne ga bidiwa dithulaganyo di le tharo tsa ditlhopha tse di tsepameng le badiragatsi ba tshegetso le batlhabolodi ba pholisi. Patlisiso e na le seabe mo mmeleng wa kitso ka gore tiori ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo le tiori ya go tlhama boleng jwa dikgwebo di tlhomile kgolagano magareng ga ditsenngwateng tse di tlametsweng mo dikgatong tsotlhe tsa go tshegetsa kgwebo le dipoelo tsa kgwebo tse di tlhagisitsweng mo teng ga thulaganyo ya go tlhama boleng. Patlisiso e ne ya tlhama matlhomeso a le mabedi. Letlhomeso la ntlha le ne le ikaegile ka tlhotlheletso ya ditirelo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo mo tirong ya dikgwebo ka nako ya thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo. Letlhomeso la bobedi lone le ne le ikaegile ka tlhotlheletso ya ditirelo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo tsa tiragatso ya dikgwebo morago ga go tswa kgotsa go aloga mo lenaneong la go tshegetsa dikgwebo. Matlhomeso ano a ikaelela go thusa mo tshekatshekong ya ditlamorago le go tokafatsa ditirelo tsa kemonokeng ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo ka nako le morago ga go tshegediwa tse di ka dirisiwang mo molebong wa tiori le wa tiriso. Patlisiso e tshitshinya gore kemonokeng ya isago ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo le dipatlisiso ga di a tshwanela go lekanyediwa fela go mokgwa wa boleng (khwaletheithifi), mme le mokgwa wa bontsi (khwanthitheithifi) o tshwanetse go dirisiwa mo isagong go lekalekanya tlhotlheletso ya thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo mo tirong ya kgwebo le mo kgolong morago ga go tshegediwa.; Besigheidsinkubators in die Gauteng-provinsie word ondersteun deur belangrike ekonomiese belanghebbendes en is strategies geposisioneer in bedryfspesifieke areas. Gegewe die ondersteuning wat inkubators aan beginbesighede bied, is min egter bekend oor die invloed en impak van besigheidsinkubasiedienste op die prestasie en volhoubaarheid van besighede nadat hulle die besigheidsinkubasieprogram verlaat het. Hierdie studie het gepoog om vas te stel of die invloed van besigheidsinkubasieprosesse en die hulpbronne wat tydens die inkubasietydperk verskaf word entrepreneurs in staat stel om hul onderneming na die inkubasietydperk in die mark te ontwikkel en laat groei. Die studie het ook probeer vasstel of besigheidsinkubators beginbesighede toerus met voldoende hulpbronne om na die inkubasietydperk in die mark te bly voortbestaan. Die studie is gebaseer op die besigheidsinkubasieteorie en die entrepreneuriese waardeskeppingsteorie. Die besigheidsinkubasieteorie het 'n aanvangsbenadering verskaf vir die identifisering van die volgende besigheidsinkubasiefases: (a) ideeformulering; (b) die besluit om voort te gaan; (c) hulpbroninsameling; (d) bekendstelling van die nuwe onderneming; en (e) ontwikkeling van die onderneming. Die entrepreneuriese waardeskeppingsteorie het gedien as 'n uitsetproses om die volgende stadiums van entrepreneuriese groei te identifiseer: (a) entrepreneursgeleentheid; (b) entrepreneursbevoegdheid; en (c) entrepreneursbeloning. Die vertolkende studie is gebaseer op 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie en triangulasie met 'n literatuuroorsig, onderhoude met besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het en fokusgroepsessies met inkubasiebestuurders en -praktisyns en program- en beleidsontwikkelaars. Die bevindinge het aangedui dat alle besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het met wie onderhoude gevoer is steeds hul besighede bedryf alhoewel sommige hul oorspronklike besigheidskonsepte gediversifiseer het. Alhoewel besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het se besighede steeds in bedryf is, ervaar hulle steeds talle uitdagings soos markversperrings en 'n gebrek aan befondsing vir kapitaal- en bedryfsbehoeftes. Dié uitdagings kon tydens die inkubasiefase geïdentifiseer en opgelos gewees het. ’n Verdere bevinding was dat besigheidsinkubators nie monitering- en evalueringstelsels het om die prestasie van besighede te assesseer en na te spoor nadat hulle 'n besigheidsinkubasieprogram voltooi en verlaat het nie, wat beteken die invloed van besigheidsinkubators is nooit voorheen gemeet nie. Onderhoude is gevoer met tien besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het en drie fokusgroepsessies is gehou met inkubasiepraktisyns en beleidsontwikkelaars. Die studie dra by tot die korpus kennis deurdat die besigheidsinkubasieteorie en die entrepreneuriese waardeskeppingsteorie 'n verband gevestig het tussen die insette wat gedurende al die besigheidsinkubasiefases gelewer word en die entrepreneuriese uitkomste wat deur die waardeskeppingsproses gegenereer word. Die studie het twee raamwerke ontwikkel. Die eerste raamwerk is gebaseer op die invloed van besigheidsinkubasiedienste op die prestasie van besighede tydens die besigheidsinkubasieproses. Die tweede raamwerk is gebaseer op die invloed van besigheidsinkubasiedienste op die prestasie van besighede nadat hulle die besigheidsinkubasieprogram verlaat het. Hierdie raamwerke het ten doel om te help met die impakbepaling en verbetering van besigheidsinkubasie-ondersteuningsdienste tydens en na inkubasie en kan in 'n teoretiese en praktiese konteks gebruik word. Die studie stel voor dat toekomstige besigheidsinkubasie-ondersteuning en -navorsing nie net beperk moet word tot 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie nie, maar dat 'n kwantitatiewe metodologie ook gebruik moet word om die invloed van die besigheidsinkubasieproses op entrepreneuriese prestasie en groei na inkubasie te meet. Abstracts in English, Setswana and Afrikaans 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32354 The impact of marketing communication strategies on the performance of small independent retailers in Soweto, South Africa Makhubela, Vincent Funani Small independent retailers in Soweto, a township of Johannesburg in South Africa, are losing business due to the emergence of large retailers in the township area. These large retailers are taking customers away from small independent retailers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of marketing communication strategies on the performance of small independent retailers in Soweto, South Africa. The study employed a descriptive research methodology that involved a quantitative research design. 300 small independent retailers in three townships in Soweto, namely, Meadowlands, Dobsonville and Protea North were targeted, and the self-administered printed questionnaires were distributed to these retailers. Data was analysed by means of descriptive statistical analysis, factor analysis, regression analysis and ANOVA. The results depict that small independent retailers have a positive attitude towards marketing communication strategies. Small independent retailers were found to utilise word-of-mouth content and personal selling more in their businesses, while moderately using internet and social media. The results of the research study further revealed that marketing communication strategies (digital marketing, advertising, internet and social media) have a positive impact on the performance of small independent retailers. The study also found that the major challenges experienced by small independent retailers are electricity outages (load-shedding), the high cost of marketing communication tools, crime, and selecting the right location for the business. The key recommendation stemming from the study is that there is a need for more research on small independent retailers to identify the marketing communication strategies preferred by their customers. The study should be from the customer’s perspective. Future studies should employ different research methodologies in order to delve deeper into determining why small independent retailers in Soweto do not utilise digital marketing, advertising, direct marketing, sales promotion, and word-of-mouth message involvement. 2019-03-11T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32333 An organisational climate framework for educator-tutors from a college of open learning Munyika, Aveshe David This study aimed to develop a conceptual framework that captures the Organisational Climate (OC) as perceived by educator-tutors within a college of open learning, specifically the Namibian College of Open Learning (NAMCOL). The framework seeks to illustrate how the provision of adequate job satisfaction, motivation, and well-being can enhance the OC, thereby strengthening both employee performance and institutional effectiveness. Creating a conducive OC is critical for any institution, yet it remains a persistent challenge, particularly within Open and Distance Learning (ODL) environments where educator-tutors often face distinctive pressures. OC influences intrinsic factors such as employee commitment, loyalty, and job satisfaction, as well as extrinsic factors, including professional conduct and workplace experience. A comprehensive literature review highlighted that OC affects employee performance, behaviour, and the underlying cultural values of institutions. It also serves as a strategic mechanism for addressing complex challenges such as increased competition, technological advancements, and evolving organisational structures. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design across four NAMCOL regions, incorporating 60 tutorial centres. Phase 1 involved a quantitative analysis using a structured questionnaire distributed electronically to educator-tutors. Data analysis included Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), conducted using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 28. The validity and reliability of the instrument were ensured through established trustworthiness strategies and literature-based instrument selection. Phase 2 employed qualitative methods, drawing on insights from the quantitative phase to develop an interview guide. In-depth interviews were conducted with selected educator-tutors and heads of centres across the four regions. Thematic analysis was used to interpret qualitative data. The integration of Phases 1 (quantitative) and 2 (qualitative) informed the final conceptual framework, which addresses a significant gap in the literature by presenting the first systematic model of OC to the best of the researcher’s knowledge as experienced by educator-tutors in the Namibian ODL context. The study revealed that job satisfaction is foundational to motivation and well-being within this conceptual iv framework. Recognition, professional growth, and empowerment significantly enhance job satisfaction, even though inadequate remuneration remains a concern. Motivation is strengthened by collaborative work environments, manageable workloads, and a sense of achievement. Well-being, on the other hand, emerges from the interaction between job satisfaction and motivation, supported by collegial trust and emotional support. Strengthening these interlinked constructs (job satisfaction, motivation, and well-being) is essential for fostering a positive OC that benefits both educator-tutors and students. This offers practical implications for improving institutional support and educational outcomes in ODL settings. 2026-02-12T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32307 Junior doctors’ sense-making of strategic decisions in public healthcare : a phenomenological study Samson, Shereen Judith By adopting the theoretical perspectives of strategy-as-practice and sense-making, this study explored micro-level social activity in a particular context. As implementers of strategic decisions emanating from the upper echelons in public healthcare, junior doctors are confronted with the realities of deliberate, intended strategic policy decisions in their daily practice. The study focused on front-line lower-level employees at the periphery as opposed to the traditional focus on top and middle management. The micro-level activity, explored across multiple public hospitals in South Africa as an emerging economy, was the study context. A qualitative phenomenological study within an interpretive constructivist approach was adopted in two phases (e-interviews and face-to-face interviews). Cross-sectional data was gathered from 16 healthcare practitioners doing their internship and community service. An inductive grounded approach through iterative, co-coding digital analysis techniques contributed to a thematic content analysis which informed the findings of the study. The findings contribute to an understanding of strategising to reconceptualise how strategising emerges from patterned phronetic practices by peripheral organisational actors who are not usually considered strategists. The findings are that peripheral organisational actors employ unintentional strategising through accumulated, everyday, tacit practices in a bottom-up dwelling perspective through retrospective embodied sense-making to cohere contextual complexity in practice. A further finding is that peripheral organisational actors employ cognitive and emotional appraisal through embodied sense-making to influence and shape retrospective sense-making of mid-level contextual factors. Lastly, prospective sense-making manifests through consequential suggesting from patterned phronetic retrospective sense-making, especially of socio-material artefacts. The study expands knowledge on strategising and the consequences of unintentional strategising in practice from peripheral organisational actors using sense-making through an SAP perspective, as well as strategy processes and practices, and strategy-in-practice perspectives. Additionally, sense-making becomes utilitarian in its contribution to the body of knowledge on micro retrospective, prospective and embodied sense-making of mid-level contextual factors and macro strategic decisions by peripheral organisational actors.; Deur die teoretiese perspektiewe van strategie-as-praktyk en sinvorming aan te neem, het hierdie studie mikro-vlak sosiale aktiwiteit in ’n spesifieke konteks ondersoek. Junior dokters, as implementeerders van strategiese besluite wat uit die hoër range in openbare gesondheidsorg kom, word in hulle daaglikse praktyk met die realiteite van doelbewuste, beoogde strategiese beleidsbesluite gekonfronteer. Die studie het gefokus op frontlinie-laervlak-werknemers aan die periferie in teenstelling met die tradisionele fokus op top- en middelvlakbestuur. Die mikrovlak-aktiwiteit, wat in verskeie openbare hospitale in Suid-Afrika as ’n opkomende ekonomie ondersoek is, was die studiekonteks. ’n Kwalitatiewe fenomenologiese studie binne ’n vertolkende konstruktivistiese benadering is in twee fases aangeneem (e-onderhoude en persoonlike onderhoude). Deursnee-data is ingesamel by 16 gesondheidsorgpraktisyns wat hulle internskap en gemeenskapsdiens gedoen het. ’n Induktiewe, gegronde benadering deur middel van iteratiewe, ko-koderende digitale analisetegnieke het bygedra tot ’n tematiese inhoudsanalise wat die bevindinge van die studie beïnvloed het. Die bevindinge dra by tot ’n begrip van strategisering om te herkonseptualiseer hoe strategisering voortspruit uit gepatroneerde fronetiese praktyke deur perifere organisatoriese akteurs wat nie gewoonlik as strateë beskou word nie. Die bevindinge is dat perifere organisatoriese akteurs onopsetlike strategisering gebruik deur opgehoopte, alledaagse, stilswyende praktyke in ’n onder-na-bo-woonperspektief deur retrospektiewe beliggaamde sinvorming om kontekstuele kompleksiteit in die praktyk saam te hang. ’n Verdere bevinding is dat perifere organisatoriese akteurs kognitiewe en emosionele waardering deur middel van beliggaamde sinvorming gebruik om retrospektiewe sinvorming van middelvlak- kontekstuele faktore te beïnvloed en te vorm. Laastens manifesteer prospektiewe sinvorming deur gevolglike voorstel van gepatroneerde fronetiese retrospektiewe sinvorming, veral van sosio-materiële artefakte. Die studie brei kennis oor strategisering en die gevolge van onbedoelde strategisering uit van perifere organisatoriese akteurs deur sinvorming deur ’n SAP-perspektief, sowel as strategieprosesse en -praktyke en strategie-in-praktyk-perspektiewe. Daarbenewens word sinvorming utilitaristies in sy bydrae tot die kennisbasis oor mikro-retrospektiewe, prospektiewe en beliggaamde sinvorming van middelvlak- kontekstuele faktore en makro-strategiese besluite deur perifere organisatoriese akteurs.; Olu phando-nzulu luphonononga umsebenzi wecandelo elithile loluntu lusebenzisa iimbono zethiyori zokucwangcisa okungumsebenzi kwakunye nokunika ingqiqo. Oogqirha abakwinqanaba elisezantsi ngabo abamilisela izigqibo ezinobuchule ezicwangciswa ngabo babaphetheyo kwicandelo lezempilo likarhulumente, ngoko ke mihla le bahlangabezana ngqo neziphumo ezingangxengwanga zezi zigqibo zemigaqo-nkqubo ezenziwe ngabaphathi. Olu phando-nzulu lugxininise kubasebenzi abakumanqanaba asezantsi, alujoliswanga kubaphathi abaphakathi nabaphezulu njengoko kuhlala kusenzeka. Owona mxholo wolu phando-nzulu ngumsebenzi owenziwa ngabasebenzi abakwinqanaba elisezantsi kuzo zonke izibhedlele zikarhulumente eziseMzantsi Afrika nobonwa njengoqoqosho olusakhulayo. Kwenziwe uphando-nzulu lomgangatho lwezinto ezenzekayo ngendlela echazayo neyakhayo, oluzigaba zibini (udliwano-ndlebe lwe-intanethi kunye nodliwano-ndlebe ngqo ubuso ngobuso). Ingcombolo iqokelelwe kumagosa ezempilo ali-16 avela kumacandelo awohlukeneyo aqeqeshelwa umsebenzi kunye nalawo akwinkqubo yokunika uluntu iinkonzo. Indlela emiliselwe ekufundiseni ngokuphindaphinda, neenkqubo zohlalutyo lwedijithali lokukhowuda kwakhona zibe negalelo kuhlalutyo lomxholo oluncedise ngamandla kwiziphumo zolu phando-nzulu. Iziphumo zinegalelo ekuqondeni izicwangciso zengcamango yendlela ekuvela ngayo ukucwangcisa kwizinto zephronetiki ezilungelelanisiweyo ezenziwa ngabasebenzi beziko abakumanqanaba asezantsi abangathatyathwa njengabantu abaziingcali. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba abasebenzi abakumanqanaba asezantsi kumaziko basebenzisa ubuchule bengaqondanga yonke imihla xa besenza imisebenzi yabo yemihla ngemihla kwiinkalo abasebenzela kuzo, besebenzisa ingqiqo equlathiweyo neyokubuyel’ umva ukuze kuconjululwe ukuntsokotha komsebenzi. Esinye isiphumo sibonisa ukuba abasebenzi abakumanqanaba asezantsi kwiziko basebenzisa uvandlakanyo lwengqondo nolweemvakalelo ngengqiqo equlethweyo ukuze baphembelele yaye babumbe ukwenziwa kwengqiqo kwizinto ezikwinqanaba eliphakathi. Okokugqibela, ukwenziwa kwengqiqo okulindelekileyo kuvela kwiimbono ezinesiphumo ezilungelelanisiweyo zephronetiki ebuyela umva yokwenza ingqiqo, ingakumbi kwizinto eziphathekayo zoluntu. Olu phando-nzulu lutyebisa ulwazi malunga nokucwangcisa nangeziphumo zokucwangcisa ngokungazimiselanga okwenziwa ngabasebenzi abakumanqanaba asezantsi besebenzisa ukwenziwa kwengqiqo ngendlela yeSAP, kwakunye neenkqubo zocwangciso nemisebenzi kunye neendlela zokucwangcisa okungumsebenzi. Ngaphaya koko, ukwenza ingqiqo kuba luncedo xa kufakwe kulwazi lokwenza ingqiqo okuncinane okubuyel’ umva, okulindelweyo nokuqulethweyo kwakunye nokwenza ingqiqo okuqulethweyo kwizinto ezikwinqanaba eliphakathi kwakunye nezigqibo ezikhulu ezinobuchule ezenziwa ngabasebenzi abakumanqanaba asezantsi. Abstract in English, Afrikaans and IsiXhosa 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z