https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/25 2026-06-14T17:07:16Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32596 The relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation in South African firms Smith, Elroy Eugene The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation in South African organisations. Contemporary organisations are faced with new challenges and changes on the political, economic, social and technological front. In order to cope with these changes, organisations need to devise strategies. The question was asked whether the culture of organisations is conducive to the formulation of strategies. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a literature study and empirical research was conducted. Although the literature available on the individual concepts of organisational culture and strategy formulation is extensive, the literature tends to focus on only one of the two concepts, and the relationship between the two concepts is generally ignored. In this study the two individual concepts were examined and a comprehensive interaction analysis of culture and strategy was done. A model was developed to depict the main elements of organisational culture. Managers increasingly realise the importance of organisational culture as a component of the strategic management process. However, confusion often exists on what organisational culture is. A strategic management model indicated the central role organisational culture should play in the strategic management process. A diagnosis has to be made of which aspects of the present culture are strategy supportive and which are not. It is important that organisations ensure there is a fit between culture and strategy. The relationship between four different culture types (power, role, task and person) in an organisation was investigated, as was the manner in which those organisations formulated strategies. This investigation was part of the empirical research. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation, and not to investigate the elements (manifestation) of an organisation's culture. Descriptive statistics and advanced statistical methods were used to assess this relationship empirically. The results showed significant differences between organisational culture and the manner in which organisations formulated strategies. These differences occurred especially in those organisations having a task, role and power culture. It was concluded that organisations should place increased emphasis on aligning culture and strategy. Attempts should be made to include the culture of an organisation when formulating strategies. Each organisation needs to develop a keen awareness of its own culture and purposefully link all changes and strategies to its culture. The selection of strategies cannot only be based on financial and strategic implications, while the cultural aspects are being ignored. This can be a major determinant of corporate performance and the difference between a strategy's success or failure. 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32595 The management of issues in community pharmacies Theron, Danie Jacobus Given the dynamic and changing nature of the business environment in the Republic of South Africa, into which the added dimension of social, political and economic complexities intrude, and given the dynamic business environment in which community pharmacies currently (1993) operate, it is imperative that community pharmacists, particularly owners and managers, anticipate, identify and analyze, as well as, manage issues impacting on the future viability of community pharmacies. However, uncertainty exists regarding the ability of owners and managers of community pharmacies to manage issues affecting community pharmacies. This poses a problem for the future viability of community pharmacies. This study attempts to outline the critical issues impacting on community pharmacies within their task, and macro-environments and attempts to find an answer to the question of how issues affecting community pharmacies should be managed. Four hypotheses are formulated and twelve objectives are stated in order to complete this study. Focused interviews, media reports on community pharmacies and pharmaceutical industry publications provided information on the issues impacting on community pharmacies. These issues were regarded as preliminary issues. Empirical research, confirmed that there are a number of issues impacting on the future viability of community pharmacies. Literature studies on issues management provided information on the concept of issues. The term issues as it applies to issues management is defined as: Emerging, current or unfolding conditions of pressure in the task, and macro-environments of organizations which, through the public policy process, impact on the future viability of organizations. The different categories of issues according to their stage of development, their social context and their strategic dimension were also analyzed. Apart from emerging and current issues, a new concept of 'unfolding issues' is introduced in this study. The diminishing ability of organizations to influence issues as they develop in relation to time, as well as the importance of identifying issues during the early stages of development is emphasized. Literature studies provided information on the concept of issues management. For the purpose of this study, issues management is defined as: A management process determined to identify and analyze issues which can have a strategic impact on the future viability of an organization as well as managing an effective response to such issues. From the theoretical deliberation of issues management, as well as deductions from the empirical research conducted in this study, the conclusion is reached that issues management, as a management process, can be applied by owners/managers of community pharmacies. From the descriptive statistical results it is further concluded that owners/managers of community pharmacies do identify and analyze issues, and that they manage responses to such issues. The quality of issues management, as applied by owners/managers of community pharmacies was, however, not determined. A factor analysis revealed that the media, communication, networking and strategic management are used as aids by owners/managers in the management of issues affecting community pharmacies. Other relationships among selected independent and dependent variables are also explored in this study. The empirical research conducted in this study indicates that pharmacists as owners/managers of community pharmacies are not adequately equipped to apply the process of issues management in community pharmacies. In this regard it is recommended that community pharmacists can be only become part of an issues identification program when trained to identify issues by effectively applying environmental scanning techniques. In conclusion, recommendations on how to apply the process of issues management within professional pharmacy organizations are provided. 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32567 The implementation of employment equity : the case of the Department of Employment and Labour Makgolane, Lerato Annikie This study explored perceptions on the implementation of employment equity within the Department of Employment and Labour in South Africa, a key institutional player in promoting workplace fairness and equality. Following the transition to democracy, the South African government enacted the Employment Equity Act, 1998 (Act 55 of 1998) to redress historical imbalances and provide equal employment opportunities to all citizens. The study employed a case study design and adopted a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques to gain an in-depth understanding of the research problem. A stratified random sample of 50 employees was drawn from a larger population in the Department. Data collection instruments included structured questionnaires with Likert-scale items and semi-structured open-ended questions. The study was underpinned by the Compliance Theory, particularly the deterrence and normative perspectives, to examine how employees perceive and respond to employment equity mechanisms within the Department of Employment and Labour. The findings revealed that while there are commendable efforts toward compliance with the Act, full implementation has not yet been achieved. Participants acknowledged improvements in diversity and inclusivity but highlighted challenges such as inadequate enforcement, limited stakeholder engagement and gaps in leadership commitment. The study recommends enhanced educational programmes to promote diversity, improved resource allocation, transparent promotion criteria, and regular evaluation of equity initiatives. These strategies aim to accelerate the implementation of employment equity and foster a more inclusive public sector work environment. Overall, the study offers a critical reflection on both progress made and areas needing improvement in the implementation of employment equity within South Africa's public service.; Thuto ye e lekotse dikgopolo ka ga phethagatso ya tekatekano ya mesomo ka gare ga Kgoro ya Mesomo le Basomi ka Afrika Borwa, yeo e tsewago bjalo ka sebapadi se segolo sa setheo ka go lesolo la go ya go toka le tekatekano ya mafelong a mosomo. Mmuso wa Afrika Borwa, ka morago ga go hlongwa ga mmuso wo o kgethilwego ka temokrasi, o ile wa dira molao wa Tekatekano ya Mesomo, 1998 (Molao wa 55 wa 1998), wo o ikemiseditsego go lokisa go se lekalekane ga nako ye e fetilego le go fa badudi ba wona ka moka dibaka tsa go lekana tsa mesomo. Thuto e latela tlhamo ya nyakisiso ya mohlala, mola e amogela mekgwa ya boleng le ya boleng ya kgoboketso ya datha ka nepo ya go hwetsa kwesiso ye e tseneletsego ya taba ya nyakisiso yeo e lego ka seatleng. Sampole ya go se kgethe ye e arotswego ka maemo ya basomi ba 50 e ile ya nepiswa go tswa go baagi ba bantsi go tswa go Kgoro ya Mesomo le Basomi. Didiriswa tse di somisitswego di be di akaretsa dipotsiso tseo di bego di akaretsa dipotsiso tse di tswaletswego tseo di nago le motheo go tswa go sekaleng sa Likert, gammogo le dipotsiso tse di bulegilego tseo di sa rulaganywago ka botlalo. Dikutollo di laetsa gore, le ge go na le maitapiso ao a retegago a go obamela Molao wa Tekatekano ya Mesomo, 1998 (Molao wa 55 wa 1998), kobamelo ka botlalo ga se ya phethagatswa. Go bolela nnete, batswasehlabelo ba tiiseditse mokgwa wo mokaone wa go akaretsa bohle le go fapafapana, eupsa ba supa ditlhohlo tse dingwe tseo di lekanyetsago phethagatso ka botlalo. Thuto e sisinya gore go godisa khuetso ya tekatekano ya mesomo, Kgoro e swanetse go etisa pele mananeo a thuto go tswetsa pele go fapafapana, go netefatsa kabo ya methopo ye e lekanego, go hloma dikelo tse di kwagalago tsa go hlatlosetswa maemong, le go sekaseka ka mehla go soma gabotse ga maitapiso a yona. Ditshisinyo tse di ikemiseditse go kaonafatsa lebelo le go soma gabotse ga mekgwa ya tekatekano ya mesomo, go tsenya letsogo tikologong ya lefelo la mosomo ye e lekalekanego kudu le ye e akaretsago bohle. Thuto e fa tshekatsheko ye bohlokwa ka ga bobedi dikatlego le mafelo ao a swanetsego go kaonafatswa ka phethagatsong ya tekatekano ya mesomo ka lefapheng la mmuso la Afrika Borwa.; Lolu cwaningo lucubungule imibono mayelana nokuqaliswa kokulingana kwezemisebenzi eMnyangweni Wezokuqashwa Nezabasebenzi eNingizimu Afrika, othathwa njengenhlangano ebambe iqhaza elibalulekile emkhankasweni wokubheka ubulungisa nokulingana emsebenzini.. Uhulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika, kulandela ukusungulwa kukahulumeni okhethwe ngentando yeningi labantu, washaya uMthetho Wokulingana Kwezokuqashwa, we-1998 (uMthetho wama-55 we-1998), okuhloswe ngawo ukulungisa ukungalingani kwesikhathi esedlule kanye nokuhlinzeka ngamathuba omsebenzi alinganayo kuzo zonke izakhamuzi zawo. Ucwaningo lulandela umklamo wocwaningo, kuyilapho kusetshenziswa izindlela zokuqoqa idatha zenani nekhwalithi ukuze kuqondwe kabanzi udaba locwaningo oludingidwayo. Isampula ehleliwe engahleliwe yabasebenzi abangama-50 yayiqondiswe kubantu abaningi abavela eMnyangweni Wezokuqashwa Nezabasebenzi. Amathuluzi asetshenzisiwe afaka phakathi uhlu lwemibuzo oluhlanganisa imibuzo evaliwe enesisekelo esikalini se-Likert, kanye nemibuzo evulekile enesakhiwo esakhiwe kancane. Okutholakele kukhomba ukuthi, nakuba kunemizamo encomekayo yokuthobela uMthetho Wokulingana Kwezokuqashwa, 1998 (uMthetho wama-55 ka-1998), ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho ngokugcwele akukenziwa. Eqinisweni, ababambiqhaza baqinisekise indlela engcono yokuhlanganisa nokuhlukahluka, kodwa bakhomba izinselele ezithile ezikhawulela ukuqaliswa okuphelele. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi ukuze kuthuthukiswe umthelela wokulingana kwezemisebenzi, uMnyango kufanele ubeke eqhulwini izinhlelo zemfundo ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwehlukahlukana, uqinisekise ukwabiwa kwezinsiza ezanele, umise indlela ecacile yokukhushulwa, futhi uhlole njalo ukusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinhlelo zawo. Lezi zincomo zihlose ukuthuthukisa ijubane nokusebenza ngempumelelo kwezinqubo zokuqasha ngokulingana, okunomthelela endaweni yokusebenza enokulingana nefaka wonke umuntu. Lolu cwaningo luhlinzeka ngesithombe esibucayi kukho kokubili okuzuziwe kanye nezindawo okufanele zenziwe ngcono ekuqalisweni kokusebenza ngokulingana emkhakheni kahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika. Abstracts in English, Zulu and Northern Sotho 2025-09-01T00:00:00Z https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32564 Alternative infrastructure funding models: a comparative study of Ghana and Nigeria Aidoo, Samuel Kojo This work examined the role of alternative funding models in addressing the substantial infrastructure shortfall in Ghana and Nigeria, specifically focusing on road development. The primary objective of the research was to assess how alternative models, such as public-private partnerships, crowdfunding, green finance, project finance, and asset securitisation, could address the infrastructure funding deficit in Ghana and Nigeria. Using 20-year secondary data from 2003 to 2023, the study employed multiple regression and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) econometric models to investigate the correlation between alternative funding models and key development indicators. This was augmented by Granger-causality analyses to assess the directional impact of critical infrastructure variables on GDP growth. Through a comparative analysis, the study further examined the factors that influenced the successful adoption of these models in each country. The key findings of this research indicate that, while traditional funding models remain essential, alternative models, particularly public-private partnerships and green finance, offer considerable potential for bridging the infrastructure funding deficit. Additionally, the research identified key drivers of infrastructure development, such as per capita income, employment rates, poverty reduction, and access to electricity, which emerged as significant predictors of infrastructure success in both countries. Thus, the study emphasises that the effective execution of these alternative models could foster sustained economic growth, social inclusiveness, and environmental resilience. The study proposes a decision-making framework to assist policymakers in the effective selection and execution of various funding models. This framework highlights the need to balance financial sustainability, social equality, and environmental responsibility, offering a strategic guide for Ghana and Nigeria to achieve their infrastructure objectives in line with global development frameworks. This study makes a substantial contribution to the field by integrating alternative funding models with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It offers a clear pathway for African countries to meet their infrastructure targets under the SDGs and AU Agenda 2063, while fostering long-term economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental stewardship.; Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuhlola iqhaza elibanjwe yizindlela ezahlukahlukene zoxhasomali lokuxazulula ukwentuleka kwengqalasizinda eGhana naseNigeria, ikakhulu ekuphuculeni imigwaqo. Inhloso enkulu yocwaningo ukuhlola ukuthi izindlela ezahlukene, okubalwa kuzo izivumelwano zokusebenzisa kwezinhlaka zikahulumeni nezizimele (amaPPP), abezokuxhasa ngemali ngokuhlanganyela, ezezimali yokuvikelwa kwemvelo, ezezimali yemiklamo nokuvikeleka kwempahla yokusebenza, zingasiza kanjani ukunciphisa ukungalingani kwemali yokuxhasa izingqalasizinda eGhana naseNigeria. Lapha kusetshenziswe imininingo eyisibili yeminyaka engama-20 – kusukela ngonyaka wezi-2003 kuya kowezi-2023 – izindlela zokubala ukwehla kokuphindaphinda kanye nendlela ye-Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) ukuze kuhlolwe ubudlelwano phakathi kwezindlela ezahlukahlukene zoxhasomali nezinkomba ezisemqoka zendlela yokuthuthukisa. Lokhu kwenziwe ngohlelo lokuhlolwa kwesimo seGranger ukuze kuqinisekiswe umthelela oyinkombandlela phakathi kweminxa yengqalasizinda emqoka kanye nokukhula komnotho. Ngokokuqhathaniswa kocwaningo, lolu cwaningo luphinde lwahlaziya imithelela ethinta impumelelo ngokwamukelwa kwalezi zindlela ezweni ngalinye. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi, nakuba zibalulekile izindlela zoxhaso ezijwayelekile, nalezi ezinye izindlela ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulu amaPPP nezezimali yokuvikelwa kwemvelo nazo zinamandla okuvala igebe elikhona ngokuntuleka kwezimali zokwakha ingqalasizinda. Ngaphezu kwalokho, iminxa emqoka ekuthuthukiseni ingqalasizinda, okubalwa kuyo imali yokuqalisa umsebenzi, izinga lomsebenzi, ukulwa nobubha nokufinyelela ekuhlomuleni ugesi, kuye kwahlonzwa njengezinye zezinkomba ezimqoka ekuzuzeni ingqalasizinda encono kulawa mazwe womabili. Lolu cwaningo luphinde luveze ukuthi ukusetshenziswa ngokufanele kwalezi zindlela ezahlukene zoxhasomali kungagcina kahle ukukhula komnotho, ukubandakanywa komphakathi kanye nozinzo kwezemvelo. Lolu cwaningo luphakamisa ukusebenza kohlaka lokuthathwa kwezinqumo ukuze kusizakale abasunguli bezinqubomgomo ekukhetheni nasekusebenziseni ngendlela efanele izindlela ezahlukene zoxhasomali. Lolu hlaka lugcizelela isidingo sokulingana kokusebenza kwemali, ukulingana komphakathi nokusebenza kwemvelo, futhi luhlinzeka ngomhlahlandlela wokusebenza eGhana naseNigeria ukuze kufezeke izinhloso zokusebenza kwengqalasizinda ngokuhambisana nezindlela zokusebenza ekuthuthukiseni umhlaba jikelele. Lolu cwaningo lufaka isandla kakhulu emkhakheni weZezimali Zentuthuko ngokuhlanganisa izindlela ezahlukahlukene zoxhasomali nezinhlelo zeMigomo Yokugcina Kahle Intuthuko (amaSDG). Luhlinzeka ngendlela ecacile ngokuthi amazwe ase-Afrika angazifeza kanjani izinhloso zawo zokuba nengqalasizinda ngokwamaSDG ne-AU Agenda 2063, aphinde akhuthaze ukukhula komnotho kwesikhathi eside, ukuhlanganyela komphakathi kanye nokuzibophezela kwezemvelo.; Thuto ena e hlahlobile karolo ya mekgwa e meng ya ditjhelete ya ho rarolla mabapi le kgaello ho mafaratlhatlha bakeng sa ditlhoko tsa baahi ho Ghana le Nigeria, mme tsepamiso maikutlo e le ho ntshetsopele ya mebila. Sepheo se ka sehloohong sa dipatlisiso e ne e le ho lekola hore metjha e meng, e jwalo ka balekani ba setjhaba–poraevete (PPPs), bongata ba ditjhelete, ditjhelete tse mabapi le diprojeke tseo tikoloho e unang molemo ho tsona, ditjhelete tsa projeke le polokeho ya thepa, di ka thusa jwang ho hlola dikgaello tsa ditjhelete tsa mafaratlhatlha ho Ghana le Nigeria. Ka tshebediso ya tlhahisoleseding ya bobedi ka ho pharalla ha lemo tse 20 – ho tloha ho 2003 ho ya ho 2023 –multiple regression and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) metjha ya dipalopalo e tla batlisisang kamano pakeng tsa metjha ya ditjhelete e meng le matshwao a bohlokwa a ntshetsopele. Sena se ile sa hodiswa ke diteko tsa Granger causality ho netefatsa ho ameha ho mahareng ha dintha tse ka fetohang tse bohlokwa tsa mafaratlhatlha le kgolo ya moruo. Ka tlhatlhobo e ka bapiswang, thuto e tswella ho hlahloba dintlha tse amang kamohelo ya metjha ena ho naha ka nngwe.Tse fumanweng tse bohlokwa di bontsha hore, ha metjha ya ditjhelete ya setso e dula e ntse e le ya bohlokwa, metjha e meng, haholoholo ditjhelete tsa PPPs le tse mabapi le ho una molemo ha tikoloho, di nehelana ka bokgoni bo nahanwang bo ka rarollang kapa bo ka kwalang dikgaello tsa ditjhelete tsa mafaratlhatlha. Ha ho tlatsetswa, dintho tse bohlokwa ho ntshetsopele ya mafaratlhatlha, jwalo ka lekeno la motho ka mong ho naha kapa lebatowa, dikgahla tsa mosebetsi, ho fokotseha ha bofuma le ho fihlella motlakase, di ile tsa fumanwa e le tsa bohlokwa ho katleho ya mafaratlhatlha ho dinaha ka bobedi. Thuto e hlakisa phethahatso e sebetsang hantle ya metjha ena e meng ya ditjhelete mme e ka kgothalletsa kgolo e tsitsitseng ya moruo, ho kenyelletswa ha setjhaba le mamello ya tikoloho. Thuto e hlahisa moralo wa ho nka qeto ho thusa baetsi ba maano ka ho kgetha ka tsela e sebetsang le ho tswedisa pele metjha e fapaneng ya ditjhelete. Moralo ona o hatella tlhokeho ya ho tsitsa ha ditjhelete, ho lekalekana ha setjhaba le maikarabelo a tikoloho, e nehelanang ka maano a tataiso bakeng sa Ghana le Nigeria ho fihlella dipheo tsa mafaratlhatlha ho ya ka meralo ya ntshetsopele ya lefatshe. Dipatlisiso tsena di etsa tlatsetso e tsitsitseng ho lekala la Ntshetsopele ya Ditjhelete ka ho kopanya metjha ya ditjhelete e meng le Dipheo tsa Ntshetsopele e Titsitseng (SDGs). E nehelana ka tsela e hlakileng bakeng sa dinaha tsa Afrika ho fihlella dipheo tsa mafaratlhatlha tlasa Lenane-tsamaiso la SDGs le AU 2063, ha e ntse e phahamisa kgolo ya nako e telele ya moruo, kenyeletso ya setjhaba le tsamaiso ya tikoloho. Text in English with abstract and keywords in Zulu and Southern Sotho 2024-11-01T00:00:00Z