https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/37 2026-06-22T08:35:06Z 2026-06-22T08:35:06Z Gopal, Denelle Devanisha https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32653 2026-06-22T08:01:06Z 2026-02-27T00:00:00Z

Multi-Generational Differences: Females’ Perspectives on Factors Influencing Employee Retention Gopal, Denelle Devanisha The aim of this study was to explore the multi-generational differences in the driving and inhibiting factors that influence employee retention from a female perspective. A qualitative research design was used, and 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The data were analysed through thematic coding using ATLAS.ti. The findings revealed that emotional and psychological well-being, inclusive leadership and value alignment are central factors that influence retention, particularly for women navigating personal and professional responsibilities. Multi-generational differences emerged in participants’ perceptions of organisational support, leadership styles and career development opportunities. The study highlights the importance of fostering inclusive and empathetic workplace cultures that support life transitions, promote diversity and build trust through transparent communication. Recommendations are provided to guide human resource practitioners and organisational leaders in developing retention strategies that are responsive to generational needs and gender-specific challenges.; Die doel van hierdie studie was om die multigenerasieverskille in die motivering- en stremmingsfaktore wat werknemerbehoud beïnvloed vanuit ʼn vroulike perspektief te ondersoek. ʼn Kwalitatiewe navorsingsontwerp is gebruik, en 20 semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is gevoer. Die data is ontleed deur tematiese kodering met behulp van ATLAS.ti. Die bevindinge het getoon dat emosionele en sielkundige welstand, inklusiewe leierskap en waardebelyning sentrale faktore is wat behoud beïnvloed, veral vir vroue wat persoonlike en professionele verantwoordelikhede navigeer. Multigenerasieverskille het na vore gekom in deelnemers se persepsies van organisasie-ondersteuning, leierskapstyle en loopbaanontwikkelingsgeleenthede. Die studie beklemtoon die belangrikheid van die bevordering van inklusiewe en empatiese werkplekkulture wat lewensoorgange ondersteun, diversiteit bevorder en vertroue deur deursigtige kommunikasie bou. Aanbevelings word verskaf om menslikehulpbronpraktisyns en organisasieleiers te lei in die ontwikkeling van behoudstrategieë responsief tot generasiebehoeftes en geslagspesifieke uitdagings.; Inhloso yalolu cwaningo ukuhlonza umehluko phakathi kwezizukulwane eziningi mayelana nezinto ezinomthelela ekuqhutshweni nasekuvinjelweni kokugcinwa kwabasebenzi emsebenzini, ngokubona kwabesifazane. Kwasetshenziswa ucwaningo oluhleliwe oluyikhwalithi kanti futhi nemibuzo engama-20 engahleliwe ngokuphelele nayo yasetshenziswa. Idatha yahlaziywa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlukanisa ngemixholo ye-ATLAS.ti. Imiphumela yadalula ukuthi inhlakahle ngokwengqondo nangokwemizwa, ubuholi obubandakanyayo kanye nokuhambisana ngokwamanani kungumgogodla wokugcinwa kwabasebenzi emsebenzini, ikakhulukazi abesifazane abanezibopho zabo siqu kanye nezasemsebenzini. Umehluko phakathi kwezizukulwane eziningi, waqala emva kwemicabango yababambiqhaza yokwesekwa kwenhlangano, izindlela zobuholi kanye namathuba okuthuthukisa umsebenzi. Ucwaningo lugqamisa ukubaluleka kokugqugquzela ukubandakanya kanye namasiko okusebenza anozwelo eseka ukuguqula impilo, agqugquzela ukwehluka kanti futhi akha ukwethembana ngokuxhumana okusobala. Kuhlinzekwe ngezincomo ezizokweluleka abasebenzi ababhekelela izindaba zabasebenzi kanye nabaholi benhlangano ekusunguleni amaqhinga azohlangabezana nezidingo zesizukulwana kanjalo nezingqinamba eziqondene nobulili obuthile. Abstract in English with Afrikaans and Zulu translation

2026-02-27T00:00:00Z Parku, Kenneth Eyram https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32645 2026-06-17T14:49:48Z 2025-05-01T00:00:00Z

Influence of labour relations on organisational performance of selected public sector institutions in Ghana Parku, Kenneth Eyram This study explores how labour relations, specifically collective bargaining, trade unionism, and dispute resolution, influence organisational performance in Ghana's public sector. Purposive sampling and a case study design were used in this qualitative study to collect data from 37 participants comprising of Ghanaian public sector employees (16), trade union representatives (10), and labour relations officials (11) across 15 public sector institutions. The researcher gathered data through interviews and conducted thematic and content analysis. The findings show differing opinions about how collective bargaining might improve performance in the public sector. While some participants stated that recent pay increases and agreements on health, safety, and employee rights demonstrate how collective bargaining has improved working conditions and employee morale, others pointed to leadership self-interest and limited motivational outcomes as obstacles to increased effectiveness. As a result, the influence of collective bargaining is regarded as moderate. The study also emphasises labour unionism's positive and negative aspects. Despite having secured benefits for their members, unions' impact on overall organisational performance is undermined by challenges including mandatory membership, restricted welfare support, and perceived self-serving activity. The study also reveals that although there are dispute resolution procedures in place, their efficacy is hampered by issues including lack of funding and restricted access to the National Labour Commission, which leads to a rise in strikes and a decline in morale. In conclusion, Ghana's labour relations framework has made some headway in enhancing the performance of the public sector, but there are still many obstacles to overcome. The study recommends addressing psycho-social needs in collective bargaining, improving logistical support, and using digital tools to improve labour relations. These actions could lead to a highly performing public sector in Ghana.

2025-05-01T00:00:00Z Golpet, Morgak Kassem https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32640 2026-06-17T10:11:35Z 2022-10-30T00:00:00Z

Institutional quality, financial inclusion and economic growth : evidence from selected Sub-Saharan African countries Golpet, Morgak Kassem This study's main goal was to examine the relationship between institutional quality, financial inclusion, and economic growth in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2004 to 2020. The rationale was to empirically establish the role that institutional quality and financial inclusion play in driving Sub-Saharan African economic growth. This was necessary due to the unstable economic growth rates that the SSA countries have experienced and which have prevented the region from moving toward sustainable development. Despite having enormous amounts of physical, human, and natural resources, the region has had growth rates that have fluctuated between 4 and 6 percent annually for the past 20 years, making it less developed. According to figures from the World Bank and the OECD, Sub-Saharan Africa's combined GDP growth, which peaked at 6.37 percent in 2002, plunged to 1.24 percent in 2016 before making a little recovery to 2.28 percent in 2019 and then slipping into negative growth in 2020. Previous research has focused on the economic causes of growth, with little emphasis paid to institutional quality and financial inclusion as proximate causes, which could explain Sub-Saharan Africa's underwhelming growth. The Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approaches, as well as panel Error Correction Models (ECM), were utilised to examine the deterministic relationships, long-run and short-run cointegration and causality linkages, respectively, between institutional quality, financial inclusion and economic growth in the sampled SSA countries. We constructed an institutional quality index and a financial inclusion index using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The findings showed that the combined effects of financial inclusion, institutional quality, as well as the inflation rate, trade openness, unemployment rate, investment expenditure, literacy level, and total natural resource rent, affect economic growth in the selected SSA nations. The study also confirmed that there were great differences in the mean value of economic growth between the times of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global financial crisis relative to times when those significant disruptions had not occurred. The results of the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) analysis revealed significant relationship between institutional quality, financial inclusion, and the control variables and economic growth in the selected countries, though the strength of this deterministic relationship (positive or negative) was largely dependent on the method used to measure economic growth. The findings of the panel ARDL cointegration test indicated that economic growth, financial inclusion, and institutional quality were positively correlated over the long term in the selected SSA nations. The outcomes of the panel causality tests demonstrated long-run bi-directional causality of the variables, as evidenced by the substantial causative relationship between economic growth and institutional quality in both the short-run and long-run timeframes, and the significant causal relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion over the long term. However, in the short-run, the study found an insignificant causal relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion. The results of the Error Correction Term (ECT) coefficients were negative and statistically significant, implying dynamic stability among the variables. The policy implications of these findings are that in order to foster economic growth and development in SSA nations, financial inclusion must be accelerated and institutional quality must be improved.; Eyona njongo iphambili yolu phando kukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi komgagangatho wamaziko, ubandakanyo lwemali nokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe akhethiweyo aseAfrika akwiSub-Sahara ukusukela kumnyaka wama2004 ukuya kowama2020. Esona sizathu yayikukufumanisa ngophando olusekelwe kumava nendima edlalwa ngumgangatho weziko nobandakanyo lwemali ekuqhubeni ukukhula koqoqosho lwaseAfrika kwiSub-Sahara. Oku kwakubalulekile ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezinga lokukhula koqoqosho oluchaphazele amazwe eSSA nokuthintele ingingqi ukuba ibe kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Nangona kukho ubuninzi bezibonelelo ezibonakalayo, zabantu nendalo, ingingqi yaba nokukhula kwemirhumo eguquguqukayo phakathi kweepesenti ezine ukuya kwezintandathu ngonyaka kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini (20)) idlulileyo, eyenza ukuba ingaphuhli ngokwaneleyo. Ngokwamanani avela kwiBhanki yeHlabathi nakuMbutho woQoqoshao lwamaShishini noPhuhliso (OECD), ukukhula kweGDP kwiAfrika ekwiSub-Sahara, ethe yenyuka yaya kwiipesenti ezi6.37 ngo2002, yehla ngamandla nge1.24 yepesenti phambi kokuba ivuseleleke kancinci ngeepesenti ezi2.8 ngo2019 yaze kananjalo yawela kuhlumo olungaluhlanga. Uphando oludlulileyo luqwalasele kwizizathu zokukhula koqoqosho, ngogxininiso olungephi olunikwe umgangatho weziko nobandakanyo lwemali njengezizathu eziphambili, ezazinokucacisa ukukhula okudanisayo kweSud-Saharan Afrika. Iindlela zeGeneralised Method of Moments (GMM) nephaneli Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), kwanegqiza leNdlela YeZilungiso zeZiphene (Error Correction Models) (ECM), zasetyenziselwa ukuphicotha ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo, ukuhlanganiswa kwexesha elide nelifutshane nokuthungelana kwezizathu, ngokwahluka, phakathi komgangatho weziko, ubandakanyo lwemali nokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe eSSA enziwe isampuli. Sayila isalathiso somgangatho weziko nesemali sisebenzisa uHlalutyo lwaMalungu aPhambili (Principal Components Analysis) (PCA). Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba imiphumela edibeneyo yobandakanyo lwemali, umgangatho weziko, kwanezinga lokuhla kunyuka kwamandla email, urhwebo oluvulelekileyo, izinga lentswelangqesho, inkcitho yotyalomali, umgangatho wesakhono sokufunda nokubhala, nentlawulo yezixhobo zemvelo, ziya kuchaphazela ukukhula koqoqosho kwizizwe ezikhethiweyo zeSSA. Uphando lukwaqinisekise ukuba kwakukho umahluko omkhulu kwixabiso lomyinge wokukhula koqoqosho phakathi kwamaxesha kabhubhane iCOVID-19 kunye nengxubakaxaka yemali kwihlabathi ngokuthelekiswa namaxesha apho ezo ziphazamiso zibalulekileyo zazingenzeki. Iziphumo zenkqubo enamanqanaba amabini yohlalutyo iGMM zidandalazise ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi komgangatho weziko, ubandakanyo lwemali nolawulo lwezinto ezitshintshayo kunye nokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe akhethiweyo, nangona amandla obu budlelwane bumiselweyo (olulungileyo okanye olungalunganga) babuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yophando eyasetyenziswayo ukulinganisela ukukhula koqoqosho. Iziphumo zovavanyo zokuhlanganiswa kwegqiza iARDL zabonisa ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho, ubandakanyo lwemali nomgangatho weziko zahambelana kakuhle ixesha elide kwizizwe zeSSA ezikhethiweyo. Iziphumo zeemvavanyo zonobangela wegqiza zabonakalisa izizathu zexesha elide ezimbolombini zezinto ezitshintshayo, nanjengoko kungqinwe bubudlelwane obubalulekileyo bukanobangela phakathi kokukhula koqoqosho nomgangatho weziko kuwo omabini amaxesha angoku nawexesha elizayo, kwanobudlelwane obubalulekileyo bonobangela phakathi kokukhula koqoqosho nobandakanyo lwemali kwixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha elifutshane, uphando lwafumanisa ubudlelwane obungenamsebenzi phakathi kokukhula koqoqosho nobandakanyo lwemali. Iziphumo zemiba ephindaphindayo ye-ETC zazingentle kwaye zibalulekile ngokweenkcukachamanani, zithetha uzinzo olunamandla phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Imiphumela yomgaqonkqubo wezi ziphumo zezokuba ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula koqoqosho nophuhliso kwizizwe zeSSA, ubandakanyo lwemali kufuneka lunyusiwe nomgangatho weziko kufuneka uphuculwe.; Sepheo se seholo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa boleng ba mekgatlo, kenyeletso ya ditjhelete, le kgolo ya moruo dinaheng tse kgethilweng tsa Sub-Saharan African (SSA) ho tloha 2004 ho ya 2020. Sepheo se ne se le ho theha ka matla karolo eo boleng ba mekgatlo le ho kenyeletswa ha ditjhelete ho e phethang ho tsamaisa kgolo ya moruo wa Sub-Saharan African.Sena se ne se hlokahala ka lebaka la ditekanyetso tse sa tsitsang tsa kgolo ya moruo tseo dinaha tsa SSA di bileng le tsona le tse thibetseng sebaka sena ho leba ntshetsopeleng ya moshwelella. Le hoja sebaka sena se e-na le matlotlo a mangata haholo a sebaka, a batho le a tlhaho, sekgahla sa kgolo se nnile sa theoha pakeng tsa diphesente tse nne ho ya ho tse tsheletseng selemo le selemo dilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, e leng se etsang hore se be le tshetsopele e tlase.Ho ya ka dipalo tse tswang Bankeng ya Lefatshe le Mokgatlo wa Tshebedisanommoho le Ntshetsopele ya Moruo (OECD), kgolo e kopaneng ya GDP ya Sub-Saharan Africa, e ileng ya fihla sehlohlolong sa diperesente tse 6.37 ka 2002, e theohetse ho diperesente tse 1.24 ka 2016 pele e thuseha hanyane ho fihla ho diperesente tse 2.28 ka selemo sa 2019 mme ya fokotseha ka 20.Diphuputso tse fetileng di tsepamisitse maikutlo ho disosa tsa moruo tsa kgolo, ha ho hatellwa ho fokolang ho lebisitswe ho boleng ba mekgatlo le ho kenyelletswa ha ditjhelete e le disosa tse haufi, tse ka hlalosang kgolo e fokolang ya Sub-Saharan Africa.Katamelo tsa The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) le panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), hammoho le panel Error Correction Models (ECM), di ile tsa sebediswa ho hlahloba dikamano tsa ketsahalo ya dintho, kopano ya nako e telele le e kgutswanyane le dikamano tsa sesosa, ka ho latellana, pakeng tsa boleng ba mekgatlo, ho kenyeletsa dinaha tsa moruo le sampole ya SA.Re thehile sesupo sa boleng ba setheo le sesupo sa kenyelletso ya ditjhelete re sebedisa Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Diphuputso di bontshitse hore diphello tse kopantsweng tsa ho kenyelletswa ha ditjhelete, boleng ba mekgatlo, hammoho le sekgahla sa theko ya ditjhelete, ho buleha ha kgwebo, sekgahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi, ditshenyehelo tsa ditjhelete, boemo ba ho bala le ho ngola, le kakaretso ya rente ya disebediswa tsa tlhaho, di ama kgolo ya moruo dinaheng tse kgethilweng tsa SSA. Thuto ena e boetse e netefaditse hore ho na le diphapang tse kgolo ho boleng ba kgolo ya moruo dipakeng tsa nako ya sewa sa COVID-19 le koduwa ya ditjhelete tsa lefatshe ho latela dinako tseo ditshitiso tse kgolo di sa kang tsa etsahala.Diphetho tsa tlhahlobo ya mehato e mmedi ya GMM e ile ya senola dikamano tse kgolo pakeng tsa boleng ba mekgatlo, kenyeletso ya ditjhelete, le mefutafuta ya taolo le kgolo ya moruo dinaheng tse kgethilweng, le hoja matla a kamano ena ya boikemisetso (e ntle kapa e mpe) e ne e itshetlehile haholo ka mokgwa o sebediswang ho lekanya kgolo ya moruo.Diphumano tsa tlhahlobo ya kgokahanyo ya phanele ya ARDL di bontshitse hore kgolo ya moruo, kenyelletso ya ditjhelete, le boleng ba mekgatlo di ne di amana hantle ka nako e telele ditjhabeng tse kgethilweng tsa SSA. Diphetho tsa diteko tsa lebaka la phanele di bontshitse lebaka la nako e telele la mabaka a mabedi a mefutafuta, jwalo ka ha ho pakwa ke dikamano tse kgolo dipakeng tsa kgolo ya moruo le boleng ba mekgatlo ka nako e kgutshwane le ya nako e telele, le kamano e kgolo ya sesosa pakeng tsa kgolo ya moruo le kenyeletso ya ditjhelete ka nako e telele. Leha ho le jwalo, ka nako e kgutswanyane, thuto e fumane kamano e sa reng letho ya sesosa pakeng tsa kgolo ya moruo le kenyeletso ya ditjhelete. Diphetho tsa dinomoro tse atiswang tsa Error Correction Term (ECT) di ne di le mpe ebile di se bohlokwa ho latela dipalopalo, di fana ka maikutlo a botsitso bo matla hara mefutafuta. Ditlamorao tsa leano la diphetho tsena ke hore molemong wa ho matlafatsa kgolo ya moruo le ntshetsopele ya dinaha tsa SSA, kenyelletso ya ditjhelete e tlameha ho potlakiswa le boleng ba mekgatlo bo tlameha ho ntlafatswa. Abstracts and keywords in English, IsiXhosa and Southern Sotho

2022-10-30T00:00:00Z Smith, Elroy Eugene https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32596 2026-06-11T07:25:14Z 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z

The relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation in South African firms Smith, Elroy Eugene The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation in South African organisations. Contemporary organisations are faced with new challenges and changes on the political, economic, social and technological front. In order to cope with these changes, organisations need to devise strategies. The question was asked whether the culture of organisations is conducive to the formulation of strategies. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a literature study and empirical research was conducted. Although the literature available on the individual concepts of organisational culture and strategy formulation is extensive, the literature tends to focus on only one of the two concepts, and the relationship between the two concepts is generally ignored. In this study the two individual concepts were examined and a comprehensive interaction analysis of culture and strategy was done. A model was developed to depict the main elements of organisational culture. Managers increasingly realise the importance of organisational culture as a component of the strategic management process. However, confusion often exists on what organisational culture is. A strategic management model indicated the central role organisational culture should play in the strategic management process. A diagnosis has to be made of which aspects of the present culture are strategy supportive and which are not. It is important that organisations ensure there is a fit between culture and strategy. The relationship between four different culture types (power, role, task and person) in an organisation was investigated, as was the manner in which those organisations formulated strategies. This investigation was part of the empirical research. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation, and not to investigate the elements (manifestation) of an organisation's culture. Descriptive statistics and advanced statistical methods were used to assess this relationship empirically. The results showed significant differences between organisational culture and the manner in which organisations formulated strategies. These differences occurred especially in those organisations having a task, role and power culture. It was concluded that organisations should place increased emphasis on aligning culture and strategy. Attempts should be made to include the culture of an organisation when formulating strategies. Each organisation needs to develop a keen awareness of its own culture and purposefully link all changes and strategies to its culture. The selection of strategies cannot only be based on financial and strategic implications, while the cultural aspects are being ignored. This can be a major determinant of corporate performance and the difference between a strategy's success or failure.

1995-01-01T00:00:00Z