https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30870 2026-05-08T20:53:44Z 2026-05-08T20:53:44Z Mundonde, Justice https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/31482 2024-09-06T10:34:08Z 2022-10-24T00:00:00Z

Framework model for financing sustainable water and sanitation infrastructure in Zimbabwe Mundonde, Justice The specific objectives of this study were three-fold: to analyse global public-private partnerships (PPP) models commonly used in providing water and sanitation services in urban settlements, and assess their applicability to the Zimbabwean context; to identify and confirm determinant factors to financing of water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe; and to develop a framework for financing of water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe. It was observed that diverse PPP models such as build-operate-transfer (BOT), build-operate-own (BOO), build-operate-own-transfer (BOOT), and rehabilitate-operate-transfer (ROT) concession contracts as well as management and lease contracts have been used in countries such as Nigeria, South Africa, Senegal and Namibia. Of these models, the most frequently used PPP models are the management and lease contracts especially when the physical infrastructure asset exist. Countries such as South Africa have adopted a situational approach to aligning water infrastructure projects with suitable PPP models. Using principal components analysis (PCA), the study developed a governance index (GIX) and a financial market development index (FDX). Through literature survey, determinants of water and sanitation PPP financing were identified. A blend of Poisson and Tobit regression techniques were used to empirically confirm determinants that influence water and sanitation PPP financing in Zimbabwe. In the main, financing of water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe is influenced by GDP per capita, FDI, Stock market capitalisation to GDP ratio, Domestic bank credit to GDP, the ratio of bank credit to bank deposits, Non-performing loans as well as the governance variables of the control of corruption, voice and accountability and the rule of law. The PCA-developed financial development index insignificantly influence water and sanitation PPP financing. Contrastingly, the institutional governance index is confirmed to have significant influence on water and sanitation PPPs in Zimbabwe. Over and above presenting a framework to unlock financing of water and sanitation infrastructure projects in Zimbabwe, the study recommended, in view of the findings, that through the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC), structural reforms must be implemented to enhance the capacity of domestic capital markets to assimilate large public share issuance. Reforms that entail revising the stock market listing requirements to accommodate infrastructure project companies that have short operating history to facilitate their access to short and long-term financing are critical for water infrastructure development in Zimbabwe. Financial governing authorities are further advised to work on developing liquid domestic government bond market with a long-term yield curve. A long-term yield curve provides a benchmark for risk pricing in infrastructure projects. The government can work with multilateral institutions such as the AfDB in order to generate a positive signalling effect to investors that they can issue bonds on the ZSE. Furthermore, in order to diversify the portfolio of PPP sponsors, the government of Zimbabwe is advised to enforce the current legal frame works in order to improve the country’s ranking with respect to institutional quality. Relative to Chinese sponsors, European and American investors are sensitive to institutional quality prior to committing investment funds. With regard to further research, the study recognises that the scope of partnerships for water infrastructure development has metamorphosed to include other structures such as multi-stake holder partnerships (MSPs) and water operator partnerships (WOPs). Further studies can examine these forms of partnerships in detail either singularly or collectively. Source of finance discussed in this study can be disaggregated and examined to build frameworks for financing water and sanitation infrastructure in Zimbabwe or other parts of the world.; Izinjongo eziqondile zalolu cwaningo zazihlukene kathathu: ukuhlaziya amamodeli wobambiswano lukahulumeni nelizimele (BHZ) ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlinzekeni ngezinsiza zamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle ezindaweni zokuhlala zasemadolobheni, kanye nokuhlola ukuthi zisebenza kanjani esimweni saseZimbabwe; ukuhlonza kanye nokuqinisekisa izici ezinqumayo ekuxhaseni ngezimali zo-BHZ amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe; kanye nokwenza uhlaka lokuxhasa ngezimali zo-BHZ amanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe. Kwaqashelwa ukuthi amamodeli o-BHZ ahlukahlukene afana no- ukwakha-sebenzisa-dlulisa (USD), ukwakha-sebenzisa-okwakho (USO), ukwakha- sebenzisa- okwakho- dlulisela (USOD), kanye noku- vuselela-sebenzisa-dlulisa (VSD) izinkontileka zemvumelwano kanye nezinkontileka zokuphatha nezokuqashisa zisetshenziswe emazweni afana neNigeria, iNingizimu Afrika, iSenegal kanye neNamibia. Kulawa mamodeli, amamodeli o-BHZ asetshenziswa kakhulu awokuphatha kanye nezinkontileka zokuqashisa ikakhulukazi uma impahla yengqalasizinda ebonakalayo ikhona. Amazwe, njengeNingizimu Afrika, asebenzise indlela ehambisana nezimo yokuhlanganisa imiklamo yengqalasizinda yamanzi namamodeli o-Bhz afanelekile. Kusetshenziswa ukuhlaziywa kwezingxenye eziyinhloko (UKE), ucwaningo lwakha inkomba yokubusa (IY) kanye nenkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwezimakethe zezimali (NYKZ). Ngocwaningo lwemibhalo, izinkomba zokuxhaswa ngezimali ko-BHZ yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle zihlonziwe. Inhlanganisela yezindlela zokuhlehla ze-Poisson kanye ne-Tobit zasetshenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ngokusemthethweni izinqumo ezithonya uxhaso lwe-BHZ yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe. Ngokuyinhloko, ukuxhaswa ngezimali kwama-BHZ amanzi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle eZimbabwe kuthonywa yi-GDP ngomuntu ngamunye, i-FDI, imali ezimakethe zamasheya kuya kwesilinganiso se-GDP, isikweletu sebhange lasekhaya ku-GDP, isilinganiso sesikweletu sebhange kumadiphozithi asebhange, izikweletu ezingasebenzi, kanye njengezinguquko zokuphatha zokulawulwa kwenkohlakalo, izwi kanye nokuziphendulela kanye nomthetho. Inkomba yokuthuthukiswa kwezimali ethuthukisiwe ye-PCA ayinamthelela ongatheni kwezezimali ze-BHZ zamanzi nokukhucululwa kwendle. Ngokuphambene, inkomba yokubusa kwesikhungo iqinisekisiwe ukuthi inomthelela omkhulu ku-BHZ wamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe. Ngaphezulu kwalokho kwethulwa uhlaka lokuvula uxhaso lwezimali zamaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda yamanzi kanye nokukhucululwa kwendle eZimbabwe, ucwaningo luncome, ngokubheka imiphumela, ukuthi ngeSecurities Exchange Commission (SEC), kumele kwenziwe uguquko lwezakhiwo ukuze kuthuthukiswe amandla emali yasekhaya. izimakethe ukuze zihlanganise ukukhishwa kwamasheya omphakathi amakhulu. Izinguquko ezibandakanya ukubuyekezwa kohlu lwezimakethe zamasheya ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezinkampani zephrojekthi yengqalasizinda ezinomlando omfishane wokusebenza ukuze zikwazi ukuthola uxhaso lwezimali zesikhathi esifushane nezesikhathi eside zibalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwengqalasizinda yamanzi eZimbabwe. Iziphathimandla eziphethe ezezimali zelulekwa ukuthi zisebenzele ukuthuthukisa imakethe yebhondi kahulumeni ewuketshezi enejika lesikhathi eside lesivuno. Ijika lesivuno lesikhathi eside linikeza ibhentshimakhi yamanani entengo kumaphrojekthi wengqalasizinda. Uhulumeni angasebenza nenhlanganiso zezikhungo zamazwe ngamazwe ezifana le AfDB ukuze aveze impumela emihle kubatshalizimali ukuze bakhiphe amabhondi ku-ZSE. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuze kwehlukaniseke iphothifoliyo yabaxhasi bo-BHZ, uHulumeni waseZimbabwe uyalulekwa ukuba asebenzise uhlaka lwezomthetho lwamanje ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga lezwe maqondana nekhwalithi yesikhungo. Ngokuphathelene nabaxhasi baseShayina, abatshalizimali baseYurophu nabaseMelika bathathela ekhanda ikhwalithi yesikhungo ngaphambi kokutshala izimali. Maqondana noluqhuba ucwaningo, ucwaningo luyabona ukuthi ububanzi bobambiswano lokuthuthukiswa kwengqalasizinda yamanzi selushintshile ukuze lufake phakathi nezinye izinhlaka ezifana nobudlelwane obubambisene nababambiqhaza kanye nobudlelwano bokusebenzisa amanzi (UBA). Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lungahlola lezi zinhlobo zobambiswano ngokujulile, kungaba ngobunye noma ngokuhlanganyela. Umthombo wezimali okuxoxwe ngawo kulolu cwaningo ungahlukaniswa futhi uhlolwe ukuze kwakhiwe izinhlaka zokuxhasa ngezimali ingqalasizinda yamanzi nokuthuthwa kwendle eZimbabwe noma kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba.; Iinjongo ezingundoqo zesi sifundo zazintlantlu ntathu: yayikukuhlalutya iindlela zentsebenziswano yamaqumrhu abucala nakarhulumente (iiPPPs) ekunikezeleni iinkonzo zamanzi nococeko ezindaweni zasezidolophini, kujongwe nokuba zingasebenza na eZimbabwe; ukunakana nokuqinisekisa imiba elawulayo ekunikeni imali iiPPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe; kunye nokuqulunqa isakhelo sokunika imali iiPPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe. Kwaqapheleka ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonikezelo mali nolawulo lweePPPs ezifana nezo zaziwa ngezishunqulelo ezithi BOT omele ukuthi yakha-sebenzisa-dlulisela, BOO: yakha-sebenzisa-yiba ngumnini, BOOT: yakha-sebenzisa-yiba ngumnini-dlulisela kunye neROT: vuselela-sebenzisa-dlulisela ziyasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe afana neNigeria, UMzantsi Afrika, iSenegal neNamibia. Eyona isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezi ndlela zeePPPs yindlela yezivumelwano zokulawula nokuqeshisa ngakumbi xa zikhona izibonelelo nobuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza. Amazwe afana noMzantsi Afrika, asebenzisa indlela yokusebenza apho kungqanyaniswa iiprojekthi zobuxhakaxhaka bamanzi neendlela zePPPs ezifanelekileyo. Ngokuhlalutya kuqwalaselwa imiba engundoqo (PCA), esi sifundo savela nesalathiso sokulawula (GIX) kunye nesalathiso sophuhliso lwemarike yezemali (FDX). Kwaphengululwa uluncwadi kwaze kwafunyaniswa izikhokelo zokunikela ngemali kwiiPPPs. Kwasetyenziswa umxube weendlela zohlalutyo iPoisson neTobit ukuqinisekisa imiba ekhokela ukuxhaswa ngemali kweePPPs eZimbabwe. Kuyacaca ukuba ukuxhaswa ngemali kweePPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe kufuthelwa yile miba ilandelayo, neyaziwa ngesiNgesi ngolu hlobo: GDP per capita, FDI, imarike yestokhwe kwireshiyo ye GDP, amatyala ebhanki kwiGDP, ireshiyo yetyala lebhanki kwimali engenayo. Amatyala angasebenziyo kwakunye nemiba ngemiba yolawulo lobuqhophololo, amazwi nokuphendula, kunye nolawulo lomthetho. Isikhokelo sonikezelo mali esaphuhliswa yiPCA sinefuthe elimandla kuxhaso mali lweePPPs zamanzi nococeko. Kunjalo kunje, kwaqinisekiswa ukuba isalathiso solawulo lwamaziko sinefuthe elinamandla kwiiPPPs zamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe. Ukongeza ekunikezeleni ngesakhelo sokuxhasa ngemali iiprojekthi zobuxhakaxhaka bamanzi nococeko eZimbabwe, esi sifundo sicebisa ukuba kubekho inguqu zokomeleza iimarike zemali zagaphakathi, oko kusenziwa ngokukhokelwa yikhomishini eyiSecurities Exchange Commission (SEC), ngenjongo yokubandakanya imvumelwano yoluntu jikelele. Iinguqu zokuphucula eziquka ukuhlaziya imiqathango yodweliso kwimarike yestokhwe ngenjongo yokulungiselela ubuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza kwiinkampani ezinikwa imali nezinembali emfutshane yokusebenza zifuneka kakhulu eZimbabwe. Abasemagunyeni kwezolawulo lweemali bayacetyiswa ukuba baphuhlise imarike yokubolekisa elula neyenza intlawulo ethatha ixesha elide. Intlawulo ethatha ixesha elide ibeka umgangatho kumngcipheko wokuseka amaxabiso kwiiprojekthi zobuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza. Urhulumente angasebenzisana namaziko anamacandelo amaninzi njengeAfDB ngenjongo zokukhuthaza abatyali mali ukwenzela ukuba babolekise ngemali kwiZSE. Ngaphaya koko, ukwandisa nokudala iintlobontlobo zeepotifoliyo zabaxhasi beePPPs, urhulumente waseZimbabwe ucetyiswa ukuba aqinisele izakhelo zasemthethweni ezikhoyo ngenjongo yokuphucula isimo sesizwe ngokubhekiselele kumgangatho wamaziko. Xa kuthelekiswa nabaxhasi baseChina, abatyali mali baseYurophu naseMelika bawuqwalasela nzulu umgangatho weziko ngaphambi kokunikezela ngemali. Malunga nophando oluthe chatha, esi sifundo siyaqonda ukuba intsebenziswano kwimicimbi yobuxhakaxhaka bomsebenzi kwezamanzi iyaguquguquka kwaye iquka nabanye abathathi nxaxheba njengeendibanisela zabathathi nxaxheba abaninzi (MSPs) kunye neendibanisela zabasebenzi manzi (WOPs). Izifundo ezongezelelweyo zisengaxilonga nzulu ezi ndidi zentsebenziswano ngokukodwa okanye ngokwengqokelela. Imithombo yokunikezela ngemali ingacazululwa ixilongwe ukuze kuyilwe izakhelo zokunikezela ngemali kubuxhakaxhaka bokusebenza amanzi nococeko eZimbabwe okanye kwamanye amazwe ehlabathi. Text in English, abstract in English, Zulu and Xhosa

2022-10-24T00:00:00Z Ndlangamandla, Nqobile Gugulethu https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30953 2024-06-20T12:52:50Z 2017-06-01T00:00:00Z

A three step approach to the degradation of natural organic matter (NOM) from water sources Ndlangamandla, Nqobile Gugulethu Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a complex blend of organic compounds that forms naturally via the degradation of plant and animal materials into water sources. NOM in water negatively affects water quality (by causing odor, taste and color problems), negatively affects consumers health (through the disinfection by-products formation which are carcinogenic), increases costs in plant operations (by causing membrane fouling and high coagulant dosage demand) and negatively impacts the ecosystem (through bacterial regrowth and deterioration of surface water sources). In addition, the complexity and the size of NOM hinders most of the available water treatment processes that are in place in South Africa and worldwide from effectively and efficiently removing NOM from water sources. The varying character of NOM in various sources makes it difficult to remove NOM as its composition is not uniform; it depends on the climate, topology, industrial and agricultural activities around a particular area. Hence there is a need for methods that can effectively characterize and degrade NOM (such as photodegradation using TiO2) into smaller pieces for easy removal during water treatment processes. The characterization of NOM in water was done by collecting samples from different water treatment plants located in various South African geographic locations. The purpose was to get a better understanding regarding the type and the composition of NOM occurring in water. The treatment plants of interest were Magalies Water (MP1, MP2 and MP3); Rietvlei Water (RV); Umgeni Water (HL, UM, MT and AM); Lepelle Water (LE, LO and LF); Midvaal Water (MV); Veolia Water (VP and VH) and Plettenberg Bay Water (P). The sampling was done during the period of September 2015 to September 2016 in order to account for seasonal variations. Samples were collected after each treatment stage for each treatment plant in order to study the treatability of NOM by various treatment processes. Conventional characterization methods such as dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ultra-violet at 254 nm (UV254) and specific UV-absorbance. Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a complex blend of organic compounds that forms naturally via the degradation of plant and animal materials into water sources. NOM in water negatively affects water quality (by causing odor, taste and color problems), negatively affects consumers health (through the disinfection by-products formation which are carcinogenic), increases costs in plant operations (by causing membrane fouling and high coagulant dosage demand) and negatively impacts the ecosystem (through bacterial regrowth and deterioration. Furthermore, N, Pd co-doped TiO2 (NPT) and MWCNTs/N, Pd co-doped TiO2 (CT) were successfully synthesized via sol-gel method and characterized using FTIR (to confirm for the available functional groups), UV-Vis (to study the effect of doping TiO2 with N and Pd and the effect of the presence of MWCNTs on the absorption edge of TiO2), XRD (to verify the presence of the crystalline phases), Raman (to determine the nature of TiO2 and to verify the presence of MWCNTs), SEM (for morphology), EDS (for elemental composition) and TGA (for thermal stability and to evaluate the amount of MWCNTs present on the nanocomposite). NPT and CT were then tested for their photodegradation efficiency on various NOM containing samples collected from selected treatment plants.Conventional NOM characterization methods include both the on-site characterization (pH, turbidity and conductivity); and bulk characterization (DOC, UV254 and SUVA). The pH was used to determine the alkalinity or the acidity of the water; and it was found to be in a range of 2.50-9.13 with Midvaal (MV) raw water being the most alkaline and Preekstoel (VP) being the most acidic water. The turbidity (a measure of the amount of all the clay particles and colloids in water) of all the water samples at their final stages of the treatment process was found to be in the range of 0.00-3.00 NTU, with the Flag Boshielo Water (LF) having the highest turbidity value and the Magalies Water (MP1) having the lowest turbidity. Lastly, the water conductivity was found to be in the range of 135.3–781.3 mS/cm, with the Olifantspoort plant (LO) having the highest conductivity and Plettenberg Bay plant (P) plant having the lowest conductivity. Bulk characterization results showed that the VP raw water had the highest SUVA value (i.e. 7.24 ℓ·mg-1 m) thus high content of high molecular weight and hydrophobic NOM compared to other raw water sources. Regardless of the observed high SUVA in VP raw water; the P plant showed the highest DOC removal efficiency of 90.03% and Hazelmere (HL) plant showed the highest UV254 removal of 88.07%. DOC and UV254 were also used to study the effect of seasonal variations on NOM quantity, quality and treatability. It was shown that the DOC and UV254 was high in autumn (R2) compared to other seasons due to the aromatic nature of the soluble compounds found in leaves, which end up deposited into water sources during the autumn season. Advanced NOM characterization technique, FEEM, gave more and deeper understanding about the composition of NOM in water. FEEM showed that all the raw water samples contain, amongst others, the aromatic protein fraction. NOM fractions (humic and fulvic) were also observed albeit in different quantities in raw waters of VP, HL and P treatment plants. FEEM also proved that the observed high UV254 removal efficiency for VP, HL and P treatment plants was because of the presence of high content of humic substances in the raw waters of these treatment plants. FEEM was also used to link the treatability of NOM to various treatment processes (i.e coagulation and filtration) of P treatment plant. Water after the coagulation showed little traces of humic and fluvic components compared to the raw water samples. Whereas, water after filtration showed very little or no traces of humic fractions. The N, Pd co-doped TiO2 (0.0-1.0%) was evaluated for its photodegradation efficiency towards NOM containing water samples under visible-light irradiation. The highest photodegradation of 58.8% was achieved with NPT (0.5% Pd) on MV raw water samples. The results were in close approximation to those of conventional processes applied at MV treatment plant (60.0%). NPT (0.5% Pd) was also used to conduct the treatability studies with NOM containing samples obtained from various raw water samples. The results showed different UV254 (aromatic content of NOM) removal efficiencies thus proving the varying character of NOM from various water sources. On the other hand, MWCNTs/N, Pd co-doped TiO2 (CT) (0.5 - 5.0%) nanocomposites were evaluated for their photocatalytic efficiency towards P raw water samples. It was observed that the highest photocatalytic activity was with 1.0% MWCNTs. About 91.2% (UV254) reduction was achieved with CT (1.0% MWCNTs), which is much higher compared to 68.2% achieved with NPT (1.0% Pd). The observed enhanced UV254 reduction is attributable to the large surface area of TiO2 which allows bigger amounts of NOM to be adsorbed onto the surface of the TiO2. Adsorption of high amounts of NOM on the surface of the TiO2 permits the photogenerated radicals to have enough time to interact with NOM. No keywords provided.

2017-06-01T00:00:00Z Sibiya, Sifundile https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/30835 2024-06-20T12:33:58Z 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z

The ecological assessment of the influence of anthropogenic activities on Palala River, Limpopo, South Africa Sibiya, Sifundile Water quality integrity deterioration is a severe global issue due to urbanisation, population growth, pollution and other anthropogenic activities threatening freshwater integrity. Anthropogenic activities alter freshwater integrity which leads to negative impacts on general ecological functioning of rivers. The current study was conducted along the Palala River in the Waterberg district in Limpopo, South Africa. The study was designed to employ multivariate and multimeric methods to determine relationships between environmental variables and macroinvertebrate communities. Macroinvertebrates were used to assess spatial and temporal changes in water quality using SASS5 (South African Scoring System version 5). The ecological status of the Palala River was clearly revealed through measuring of nutrient concentrations and environmental variables that influence water quality, and the macroinvertebrate communities that are found within the river. The results indicated the water quality was significantly impacted by changes in chloride concentrations at the site which had the most human interactions. The multivariate analysis revealed that macroinvertebrate communities were impacted by changes in the concentrations of chlorides (Cl-), total dissolved solids (TDS), as well as electrical conductivity (EC). Additionally, simple linear regression indicated that the abovementioned environmental variables had an impact on Taxa richness, total abundance and taxa diversity. The river was revealed to be in a natural state as it drains through upstream (P1 and P2) and midstream sampling sites (P3 and P4). Interestingly, there was a massive improvement in water quality as the river drains within Lapalala Wilderness Reserve (sites P3 and P4). Unfortunately, there was a dramatic decrease in water quality as the river exited the reserve draining through downstream sites P5 and P6. The sampling site P5 was highly impacted by human settlements and domesticated livestock increasing nutrient concentrations in the river. The results revealed that an increase in chloride concentrations affected macroinvertebrate abundances at sampling site P5. Sampling site P5 was dominated by highly tolerant taxa at 75%, intermediate 25% and 0% sensitive taxa. The tolerant animals such as Chironomidae, Hydracarina and Ceratopogonidae were found in abundance at this site. The highest recorded SASS5 score was 165 at sampling site P4 and lowest was 80 at sampling site P5. The highest ASPT score was 8,5 at sampling site P3 and lowest was 3.8 at sampling site P6. The scores indicated that the river was severely impaired at sites P5 and P6.

2023-08-01T00:00:00Z