https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/2734 2026-06-19T17:47:29Z 2026-06-19T17:47:29Z Golpet, Morgak Kassem https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32640 2026-06-17T10:11:35Z 2022-10-30T00:00:00Z

Institutional quality, financial inclusion and economic growth : evidence from selected Sub-Saharan African countries Golpet, Morgak Kassem This study's main goal was to examine the relationship between institutional quality, financial inclusion, and economic growth in selected Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2004 to 2020. The rationale was to empirically establish the role that institutional quality and financial inclusion play in driving Sub-Saharan African economic growth. This was necessary due to the unstable economic growth rates that the SSA countries have experienced and which have prevented the region from moving toward sustainable development. Despite having enormous amounts of physical, human, and natural resources, the region has had growth rates that have fluctuated between 4 and 6 percent annually for the past 20 years, making it less developed. According to figures from the World Bank and the OECD, Sub-Saharan Africa's combined GDP growth, which peaked at 6.37 percent in 2002, plunged to 1.24 percent in 2016 before making a little recovery to 2.28 percent in 2019 and then slipping into negative growth in 2020. Previous research has focused on the economic causes of growth, with little emphasis paid to institutional quality and financial inclusion as proximate causes, which could explain Sub-Saharan Africa's underwhelming growth. The Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approaches, as well as panel Error Correction Models (ECM), were utilised to examine the deterministic relationships, long-run and short-run cointegration and causality linkages, respectively, between institutional quality, financial inclusion and economic growth in the sampled SSA countries. We constructed an institutional quality index and a financial inclusion index using Principal Components Analysis (PCA). The findings showed that the combined effects of financial inclusion, institutional quality, as well as the inflation rate, trade openness, unemployment rate, investment expenditure, literacy level, and total natural resource rent, affect economic growth in the selected SSA nations. The study also confirmed that there were great differences in the mean value of economic growth between the times of the COVID-19 pandemic and the global financial crisis relative to times when those significant disruptions had not occurred. The results of the two-step system Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) analysis revealed significant relationship between institutional quality, financial inclusion, and the control variables and economic growth in the selected countries, though the strength of this deterministic relationship (positive or negative) was largely dependent on the method used to measure economic growth. The findings of the panel ARDL cointegration test indicated that economic growth, financial inclusion, and institutional quality were positively correlated over the long term in the selected SSA nations. The outcomes of the panel causality tests demonstrated long-run bi-directional causality of the variables, as evidenced by the substantial causative relationship between economic growth and institutional quality in both the short-run and long-run timeframes, and the significant causal relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion over the long term. However, in the short-run, the study found an insignificant causal relationship between economic growth and financial inclusion. The results of the Error Correction Term (ECT) coefficients were negative and statistically significant, implying dynamic stability among the variables. The policy implications of these findings are that in order to foster economic growth and development in SSA nations, financial inclusion must be accelerated and institutional quality must be improved.; Eyona njongo iphambili yolu phando kukuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi komgagangatho wamaziko, ubandakanyo lwemali nokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe akhethiweyo aseAfrika akwiSub-Sahara ukusukela kumnyaka wama2004 ukuya kowama2020. Esona sizathu yayikukufumanisa ngophando olusekelwe kumava nendima edlalwa ngumgangatho weziko nobandakanyo lwemali ekuqhubeni ukukhula koqoqosho lwaseAfrika kwiSub-Sahara. Oku kwakubalulekile ngenxa yokungazinzi kwezinga lokukhula koqoqosho oluchaphazele amazwe eSSA nokuthintele ingingqi ukuba ibe kuphuhliso oluzinzileyo. Nangona kukho ubuninzi bezibonelelo ezibonakalayo, zabantu nendalo, ingingqi yaba nokukhula kwemirhumo eguquguqukayo phakathi kweepesenti ezine ukuya kwezintandathu ngonyaka kule minyaka ingamashumi amabini (20)) idlulileyo, eyenza ukuba ingaphuhli ngokwaneleyo. Ngokwamanani avela kwiBhanki yeHlabathi nakuMbutho woQoqoshao lwamaShishini noPhuhliso (OECD), ukukhula kweGDP kwiAfrika ekwiSub-Sahara, ethe yenyuka yaya kwiipesenti ezi6.37 ngo2002, yehla ngamandla nge1.24 yepesenti phambi kokuba ivuseleleke kancinci ngeepesenti ezi2.8 ngo2019 yaze kananjalo yawela kuhlumo olungaluhlanga. Uphando oludlulileyo luqwalasele kwizizathu zokukhula koqoqosho, ngogxininiso olungephi olunikwe umgangatho weziko nobandakanyo lwemali njengezizathu eziphambili, ezazinokucacisa ukukhula okudanisayo kweSud-Saharan Afrika. Iindlela zeGeneralised Method of Moments (GMM) nephaneli Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), kwanegqiza leNdlela YeZilungiso zeZiphene (Error Correction Models) (ECM), zasetyenziselwa ukuphicotha ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo, ukuhlanganiswa kwexesha elide nelifutshane nokuthungelana kwezizathu, ngokwahluka, phakathi komgangatho weziko, ubandakanyo lwemali nokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe eSSA enziwe isampuli. Sayila isalathiso somgangatho weziko nesemali sisebenzisa uHlalutyo lwaMalungu aPhambili (Principal Components Analysis) (PCA). Iziphumo zabonisa ukuba imiphumela edibeneyo yobandakanyo lwemali, umgangatho weziko, kwanezinga lokuhla kunyuka kwamandla email, urhwebo oluvulelekileyo, izinga lentswelangqesho, inkcitho yotyalomali, umgangatho wesakhono sokufunda nokubhala, nentlawulo yezixhobo zemvelo, ziya kuchaphazela ukukhula koqoqosho kwizizwe ezikhethiweyo zeSSA. Uphando lukwaqinisekise ukuba kwakukho umahluko omkhulu kwixabiso lomyinge wokukhula koqoqosho phakathi kwamaxesha kabhubhane iCOVID-19 kunye nengxubakaxaka yemali kwihlabathi ngokuthelekiswa namaxesha apho ezo ziphazamiso zibalulekileyo zazingenzeki. Iziphumo zenkqubo enamanqanaba amabini yohlalutyo iGMM zidandalazise ubudlelwane obubalulekileyo phakathi komgangatho weziko, ubandakanyo lwemali nolawulo lwezinto ezitshintshayo kunye nokukhula koqoqosho kumazwe akhethiweyo, nangona amandla obu budlelwane bumiselweyo (olulungileyo okanye olungalunganga) babuxhomekeke kakhulu kwindlela yophando eyasetyenziswayo ukulinganisela ukukhula koqoqosho. Iziphumo zovavanyo zokuhlanganiswa kwegqiza iARDL zabonisa ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho, ubandakanyo lwemali nomgangatho weziko zahambelana kakuhle ixesha elide kwizizwe zeSSA ezikhethiweyo. Iziphumo zeemvavanyo zonobangela wegqiza zabonakalisa izizathu zexesha elide ezimbolombini zezinto ezitshintshayo, nanjengoko kungqinwe bubudlelwane obubalulekileyo bukanobangela phakathi kokukhula koqoqosho nomgangatho weziko kuwo omabini amaxesha angoku nawexesha elizayo, kwanobudlelwane obubalulekileyo bonobangela phakathi kokukhula koqoqosho nobandakanyo lwemali kwixesha elide. Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha elifutshane, uphando lwafumanisa ubudlelwane obungenamsebenzi phakathi kokukhula koqoqosho nobandakanyo lwemali. Iziphumo zemiba ephindaphindayo ye-ETC zazingentle kwaye zibalulekile ngokweenkcukachamanani, zithetha uzinzo olunamandla phakathi kwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Imiphumela yomgaqonkqubo wezi ziphumo zezokuba ukuze kukhuthazwe ukukhula koqoqosho nophuhliso kwizizwe zeSSA, ubandakanyo lwemali kufuneka lunyusiwe nomgangatho weziko kufuneka uphuculwe.; Sepheo se seholo sa thuto ena e ne e le ho hlahloba kamano pakeng tsa boleng ba mekgatlo, kenyeletso ya ditjhelete, le kgolo ya moruo dinaheng tse kgethilweng tsa Sub-Saharan African (SSA) ho tloha 2004 ho ya 2020. Sepheo se ne se le ho theha ka matla karolo eo boleng ba mekgatlo le ho kenyeletswa ha ditjhelete ho e phethang ho tsamaisa kgolo ya moruo wa Sub-Saharan African.Sena se ne se hlokahala ka lebaka la ditekanyetso tse sa tsitsang tsa kgolo ya moruo tseo dinaha tsa SSA di bileng le tsona le tse thibetseng sebaka sena ho leba ntshetsopeleng ya moshwelella. Le hoja sebaka sena se e-na le matlotlo a mangata haholo a sebaka, a batho le a tlhaho, sekgahla sa kgolo se nnile sa theoha pakeng tsa diphesente tse nne ho ya ho tse tsheletseng selemo le selemo dilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, e leng se etsang hore se be le tshetsopele e tlase.Ho ya ka dipalo tse tswang Bankeng ya Lefatshe le Mokgatlo wa Tshebedisanommoho le Ntshetsopele ya Moruo (OECD), kgolo e kopaneng ya GDP ya Sub-Saharan Africa, e ileng ya fihla sehlohlolong sa diperesente tse 6.37 ka 2002, e theohetse ho diperesente tse 1.24 ka 2016 pele e thuseha hanyane ho fihla ho diperesente tse 2.28 ka selemo sa 2019 mme ya fokotseha ka 20.Diphuputso tse fetileng di tsepamisitse maikutlo ho disosa tsa moruo tsa kgolo, ha ho hatellwa ho fokolang ho lebisitswe ho boleng ba mekgatlo le ho kenyelletswa ha ditjhelete e le disosa tse haufi, tse ka hlalosang kgolo e fokolang ya Sub-Saharan Africa.Katamelo tsa The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) le panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL), hammoho le panel Error Correction Models (ECM), di ile tsa sebediswa ho hlahloba dikamano tsa ketsahalo ya dintho, kopano ya nako e telele le e kgutswanyane le dikamano tsa sesosa, ka ho latellana, pakeng tsa boleng ba mekgatlo, ho kenyeletsa dinaha tsa moruo le sampole ya SA.Re thehile sesupo sa boleng ba setheo le sesupo sa kenyelletso ya ditjhelete re sebedisa Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Diphuputso di bontshitse hore diphello tse kopantsweng tsa ho kenyelletswa ha ditjhelete, boleng ba mekgatlo, hammoho le sekgahla sa theko ya ditjhelete, ho buleha ha kgwebo, sekgahla sa ho hloka mosebetsi, ditshenyehelo tsa ditjhelete, boemo ba ho bala le ho ngola, le kakaretso ya rente ya disebediswa tsa tlhaho, di ama kgolo ya moruo dinaheng tse kgethilweng tsa SSA. Thuto ena e boetse e netefaditse hore ho na le diphapang tse kgolo ho boleng ba kgolo ya moruo dipakeng tsa nako ya sewa sa COVID-19 le koduwa ya ditjhelete tsa lefatshe ho latela dinako tseo ditshitiso tse kgolo di sa kang tsa etsahala.Diphetho tsa tlhahlobo ya mehato e mmedi ya GMM e ile ya senola dikamano tse kgolo pakeng tsa boleng ba mekgatlo, kenyeletso ya ditjhelete, le mefutafuta ya taolo le kgolo ya moruo dinaheng tse kgethilweng, le hoja matla a kamano ena ya boikemisetso (e ntle kapa e mpe) e ne e itshetlehile haholo ka mokgwa o sebediswang ho lekanya kgolo ya moruo.Diphumano tsa tlhahlobo ya kgokahanyo ya phanele ya ARDL di bontshitse hore kgolo ya moruo, kenyelletso ya ditjhelete, le boleng ba mekgatlo di ne di amana hantle ka nako e telele ditjhabeng tse kgethilweng tsa SSA. Diphetho tsa diteko tsa lebaka la phanele di bontshitse lebaka la nako e telele la mabaka a mabedi a mefutafuta, jwalo ka ha ho pakwa ke dikamano tse kgolo dipakeng tsa kgolo ya moruo le boleng ba mekgatlo ka nako e kgutshwane le ya nako e telele, le kamano e kgolo ya sesosa pakeng tsa kgolo ya moruo le kenyeletso ya ditjhelete ka nako e telele. Leha ho le jwalo, ka nako e kgutswanyane, thuto e fumane kamano e sa reng letho ya sesosa pakeng tsa kgolo ya moruo le kenyeletso ya ditjhelete. Diphetho tsa dinomoro tse atiswang tsa Error Correction Term (ECT) di ne di le mpe ebile di se bohlokwa ho latela dipalopalo, di fana ka maikutlo a botsitso bo matla hara mefutafuta. Ditlamorao tsa leano la diphetho tsena ke hore molemong wa ho matlafatsa kgolo ya moruo le ntshetsopele ya dinaha tsa SSA, kenyelletso ya ditjhelete e tlameha ho potlakiswa le boleng ba mekgatlo bo tlameha ho ntlafatswa. Abstracts and keywords in English, IsiXhosa and Southern Sotho

2022-10-30T00:00:00Z Smith, Elroy Eugene https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32596 2026-06-11T07:25:14Z 1995-01-01T00:00:00Z

The relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation in South African firms Smith, Elroy Eugene The main objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation in South African organisations. Contemporary organisations are faced with new challenges and changes on the political, economic, social and technological front. In order to cope with these changes, organisations need to devise strategies. The question was asked whether the culture of organisations is conducive to the formulation of strategies. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, a literature study and empirical research was conducted. Although the literature available on the individual concepts of organisational culture and strategy formulation is extensive, the literature tends to focus on only one of the two concepts, and the relationship between the two concepts is generally ignored. In this study the two individual concepts were examined and a comprehensive interaction analysis of culture and strategy was done. A model was developed to depict the main elements of organisational culture. Managers increasingly realise the importance of organisational culture as a component of the strategic management process. However, confusion often exists on what organisational culture is. A strategic management model indicated the central role organisational culture should play in the strategic management process. A diagnosis has to be made of which aspects of the present culture are strategy supportive and which are not. It is important that organisations ensure there is a fit between culture and strategy. The relationship between four different culture types (power, role, task and person) in an organisation was investigated, as was the manner in which those organisations formulated strategies. This investigation was part of the empirical research. The purpose was to investigate the relationship between organisational culture and strategy formulation, and not to investigate the elements (manifestation) of an organisation's culture. Descriptive statistics and advanced statistical methods were used to assess this relationship empirically. The results showed significant differences between organisational culture and the manner in which organisations formulated strategies. These differences occurred especially in those organisations having a task, role and power culture. It was concluded that organisations should place increased emphasis on aligning culture and strategy. Attempts should be made to include the culture of an organisation when formulating strategies. Each organisation needs to develop a keen awareness of its own culture and purposefully link all changes and strategies to its culture. The selection of strategies cannot only be based on financial and strategic implications, while the cultural aspects are being ignored. This can be a major determinant of corporate performance and the difference between a strategy's success or failure.

1995-01-01T00:00:00Z Theron, Danie Jacobus https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32595 2026-06-10T12:07:20Z 1994-01-01T00:00:00Z

The management of issues in community pharmacies Theron, Danie Jacobus Given the dynamic and changing nature of the business environment in the Republic of South Africa, into which the added dimension of social, political and economic complexities intrude, and given the dynamic business environment in which community pharmacies currently (1993) operate, it is imperative that community pharmacists, particularly owners and managers, anticipate, identify and analyze, as well as, manage issues impacting on the future viability of community pharmacies. However, uncertainty exists regarding the ability of owners and managers of community pharmacies to manage issues affecting community pharmacies. This poses a problem for the future viability of community pharmacies. This study attempts to outline the critical issues impacting on community pharmacies within their task, and macro-environments and attempts to find an answer to the question of how issues affecting community pharmacies should be managed. Four hypotheses are formulated and twelve objectives are stated in order to complete this study. Focused interviews, media reports on community pharmacies and pharmaceutical industry publications provided information on the issues impacting on community pharmacies. These issues were regarded as preliminary issues. Empirical research, confirmed that there are a number of issues impacting on the future viability of community pharmacies. Literature studies on issues management provided information on the concept of issues. The term issues as it applies to issues management is defined as: Emerging, current or unfolding conditions of pressure in the task, and macro-environments of organizations which, through the public policy process, impact on the future viability of organizations. The different categories of issues according to their stage of development, their social context and their strategic dimension were also analyzed. Apart from emerging and current issues, a new concept of 'unfolding issues' is introduced in this study. The diminishing ability of organizations to influence issues as they develop in relation to time, as well as the importance of identifying issues during the early stages of development is emphasized. Literature studies provided information on the concept of issues management. For the purpose of this study, issues management is defined as: A management process determined to identify and analyze issues which can have a strategic impact on the future viability of an organization as well as managing an effective response to such issues. From the theoretical deliberation of issues management, as well as deductions from the empirical research conducted in this study, the conclusion is reached that issues management, as a management process, can be applied by owners/managers of community pharmacies. From the descriptive statistical results it is further concluded that owners/managers of community pharmacies do identify and analyze issues, and that they manage responses to such issues. The quality of issues management, as applied by owners/managers of community pharmacies was, however, not determined. A factor analysis revealed that the media, communication, networking and strategic management are used as aids by owners/managers in the management of issues affecting community pharmacies. Other relationships among selected independent and dependent variables are also explored in this study. The empirical research conducted in this study indicates that pharmacists as owners/managers of community pharmacies are not adequately equipped to apply the process of issues management in community pharmacies. In this regard it is recommended that community pharmacists can be only become part of an issues identification program when trained to identify issues by effectively applying environmental scanning techniques. In conclusion, recommendations on how to apply the process of issues management within professional pharmacy organizations are provided.

1994-01-01T00:00:00Z Mohokare, Sekhuthe Jim https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32562 2026-06-07T12:55:38Z 2025-07-01T00:00:00Z

Stakeholders’ perceptions of education department’s academic performance accountability sessions in Motheo District, Free State Province Mohokare, Sekhuthe Jim In recent years, the emphasis on accountability in education has grown, with schools, colleges, universities, and education districts being held to increasingly high standards of academic performance. The study explored the perspectives of education stakeholders on academic accountability sessions held in the Motheo District, Free State Province. The primary purpose of the study was to bridge the gap in understanding among teacher unions, CMs, principals, and Departmental Heads regarding academic accountability and to clarify the department's perspective on the notion that teacher unions hinder academic accountability. The study was guided by two theories: Viktor Frankl's existential theory and Maturana’s systems theory. Furthermore, the study adhered to the global principle of academic accountability from the perspectives of both local and international countries. The study employed an interpretivist paradigm to acquire data from participants in a qualitative approach. The research design for the study employed a multiple case study approach, allowing for the comparison of data generated through one-on-one interviews, focus group interviews, observations of events in their natural setting, and an analysis of relevant documents. The employment of various data generation methods was intended to allow triangulation of data, thereby enhancing the trustworthiness of the study. The study involved three teacher unions, four CMs, four principals, and four Departmental Heads. Thus, 19 participants voluntarily participated in the study. Data analysis was conducted using a thematic data analysis strategy to identify the themes. The study established the positive and supportive stance of teacher unions, CMs, principals, and Departmental Heads regarding academic accountability and academic accountability sessions. Teacher unions support academic accountability and would like to participate in the processes leading to it. Involved teacher unions can discuss common understandings of academic accountability and hold sessions on the topic. A working model of accountability was developed within the parameters of the theories employed, leading to the development of the noogenic-systemic approach to academic accountability. Thus, every stakeholder is accountable for academic accountability. The researcher made recommendations to teacher unions, CMs, principals, and Departmental Heads. Teacher unions and the Department of Education should collaborate to develop a policy on academic accountability. The education department should ensure that academic accountability is officially documented. School Management Teams should practice accountability within their schools, while principals are expected to hold themselves accountable for the academic performance of their schools.

2025-07-01T00:00:00Z