https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/25 2026-05-11T16:24:31Z 2026-05-11T16:24:31Z Serwadi, Lesego Coretta https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32437 2026-05-07T14:49:01Z 2025-02-01T00:00:00Z

A Gauteng province-based case study to explore the influence of business incubation process on entrepreneurial performance and growth post incubation Serwadi, Lesego Coretta Business incubators in the Gauteng province are supported by key economic stakeholders and are strategically positioned in areas of industry-specific activities. However, given the support provided by incubators to incubatees, little is known regarding the influence and impact of business incubation services on the performance and sustainability of businesses once they leave or graduate from business incubation programmes. This research study sought to explore if the influence and resources provided during business incubation processes enabled entrepreneurs to develop and grow their business in the market post-incubation. The study further explored whether business incubators equip incubatees with sufficient resources for continued existence in the market post business incubation. The research study applied the theory of business incubation and the theory of entrepreneurial value creation. The theory of business incubation provided an input approach in the identification of business incubation phases which are (a) idea formulation, (b) decision to proceed, (c) resource gathering, (d) launch of a new enterprise and (e) firm development. The entrepreneurial value creation theory served as an output identification process in the stages of entrepreneurial growth which are (a) entrepreneurial opportunity, (b) entrepreneurial competence and (c) entrepreneurial reward. The interpretivist study followed a qualitative methodology and triangulated using a literature review, interviews with post-incubatees and focus group-sessions with incubation managers, practitioners and programme and policy developers. The findings indicated that all post-incubatees interviewed are still operating their businesses although some have diversified from their original business concepts. Although post-incubatees’ businesses are still in operation, they continue to experience numerous challenges such as market barriers and lack of funding for capital and operational needs. These challenges could have been identified and resolved during the business incubation phases. A further finding was that business incubators lack monitoring and evaluation systems to assess and track the performance of post-incubatees’ businesses after they have left or graduated from a business incubation programme, meaning, the influence of business incubators was previously never measured. Interviews were conducted with ten post-incubatees and three focus group sessions were convened with incubation practitioners and policy developers. The study contributes to the body of knowledge in that the theory of business incubation and the theory of entrepreneurial value creation established a connection between the inputs supplied throughout the business incubation phases and the entrepreneurial outcomes generated within the value creation process. The study developed two frameworks; the first framework was on the influence of business incubation services on the performance of businesses during a business incubation process. The second framework was on the influence of business incubation services of the performance of businesses after leaving or graduating from a business incubation programme. These frameworks aim to assist in the impact assessment and enhancement of business incubation support services during and post-incubation which can be used in a theoretical and practical context. The study proposes that future business incubation support and research should not only be limited to a qualitative methodology, but a quantitative methodology and should also be utilised in future to measure the influence of business incubation process on entrepreneurial performance and growth post incubation.; Ditshegetsi tsa dikgwebo mo porofenseng ya Gauteng di tshegediwa ke bannaleseabe ba botlhokwa ba ikonomi mme ba beilwe ka kelotlhoko ma mafelong a rileng a intasetirii. Le fa go ntse jalo, ka ntlha ya tshegetso e e tlamelwang ke ditshegetsi go batshegediwa, ga go itsiwe go le kalo mabapi le tlhotlheletso le khuetso ya ditirelo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo mo tirong gammogo le ka moo dikgwebo di ka kgonang go ikemela ka dinao morago ga go aloga mo mananeong a tshegetso a. Patlisiso eno e ne e batla go sekaseka gore a tshegetso le didirisiwa tse di neng di tlamelwa ka nako ya dithulaganyo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo di kgontshitse bagwebi go tlhabolola le go godisa dikgwebo tsa bone mo mmarakeng morago ga go tshegediwa. Patlisiso e ne ya tswelela go sekaseka gore a ditshegetsi tsa dikgwebo di tlamela batshegediwa ka didirisiwa tse di lekaneng go tswelela go nna teng mo mmarakeng morago ga go tshegediwa ga dikgwebo tsa bone. Patlisiso e dirisitse tiori ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo le tiori ya go tlhama boleng jwa dikgwebo. Tiori ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo e ne ya tlamela ka mokgwa wa go tsenya tshedimosetso mo go tlhaoleng dikgato tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo tseo e leng (a) go tlhama dikakanyo; (b) tshwetso ya go tswelela; (c) kokoanyo ya didirisiwa; (d) go thankgololwa ga kgwebo e ntšhwa; le (e) tlhabololo e e tiileng. Tiori ya go tlhama boleng jwa dikgwebo e ne ya dira jaaka thulaganyo ya go supa dipholo mo dikgatong tsa kgolo ya dikgwebo tse e leng (a) tšhono ya kgwebo; (b) bokgoni jwa kgwebo; le (c) tuelo ya kgwebo. Patlisiso ya tlhaloso e ne ya latela mokgwa wa boleng le go dira dikarolo tse tharo ka tiriso ya tshekatsheko ya dikwalo, ditherisano le batshegediwa morago ga tshegetso le dithulaganyo tsa setlhopha se se tsepameng le batsamaisi ba go tshegetsa, badiragatsi le batlhabolodi ba lenaneo le pholisi. Diphitlhelelo di supile gore batshegediwa botlhe morago ga tshegetso ba ba rerisitsweng ba santse ba tsamaisa dikgwebo tsa bone le fa ba bangwe ba bone ba farologane go tswa mo dikgopolong tsa bone tsa fa ba ne ba tlhama dikgwebo. Le fa dikgwebo tsa morago ga go tshegediwa di santse di dira, di tswelela go itemogela dikgwetlho di le dintsi tse di jaaka dikgoreletsi tsa mebaraka le tlhaelo ya matlole a ditlhokego tsa matlole le tsa tiro. Dikgwetlho tse di ka bo di supilwe le go rarabololwa ka nako ya dikgato tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo. Phitlhelelo e nngwe e ne e le gore ditshegetsi tsa dikgwebo di tlhoka ditsamaiso tsa go baya leitlho le go sekaseka go latedisa tiragatso ya dikgwebo tsa morago ga go tshegediwa morago ga gore di tswe kgotsa di aloge mo lenaneong la go tshegetso ya dikgwebo,se se rayang gore tlhotlheletso ya ditshegetsi tsa kgwebo e ne e sa ke ya lekanngwa mo nakong e fetileng. Ditherisano di ne tsa tshwarwa le batshegediwa ba le lesome morago ga tshegetso mme go ne ga bidiwa dithulaganyo di le tharo tsa ditlhopha tse di tsepameng le badiragatsi ba tshegetso le batlhabolodi ba pholisi. Patlisiso e na le seabe mo mmeleng wa kitso ka gore tiori ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo le tiori ya go tlhama boleng jwa dikgwebo di tlhomile kgolagano magareng ga ditsenngwateng tse di tlametsweng mo dikgatong tsotlhe tsa go tshegetsa kgwebo le dipoelo tsa kgwebo tse di tlhagisitsweng mo teng ga thulaganyo ya go tlhama boleng. Patlisiso e ne ya tlhama matlhomeso a le mabedi. Letlhomeso la ntlha le ne le ikaegile ka tlhotlheletso ya ditirelo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo mo tirong ya dikgwebo ka nako ya thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo. Letlhomeso la bobedi lone le ne le ikaegile ka tlhotlheletso ya ditirelo tsa go tshegetsa dikgwebo tsa tiragatso ya dikgwebo morago ga go tswa kgotsa go aloga mo lenaneong la go tshegetsa dikgwebo. Matlhomeso ano a ikaelela go thusa mo tshekatshekong ya ditlamorago le go tokafatsa ditirelo tsa kemonokeng ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo ka nako le morago ga go tshegediwa tse di ka dirisiwang mo molebong wa tiori le wa tiriso. Patlisiso e tshitshinya gore kemonokeng ya isago ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo le dipatlisiso ga di a tshwanela go lekanyediwa fela go mokgwa wa boleng (khwaletheithifi), mme le mokgwa wa bontsi (khwanthitheithifi) o tshwanetse go dirisiwa mo isagong go lekalekanya tlhotlheletso ya thulaganyo ya go tshegetsa dikgwebo mo tirong ya kgwebo le mo kgolong morago ga go tshegediwa.; Besigheidsinkubators in die Gauteng-provinsie word ondersteun deur belangrike ekonomiese belanghebbendes en is strategies geposisioneer in bedryfspesifieke areas. Gegewe die ondersteuning wat inkubators aan beginbesighede bied, is min egter bekend oor die invloed en impak van besigheidsinkubasiedienste op die prestasie en volhoubaarheid van besighede nadat hulle die besigheidsinkubasieprogram verlaat het. Hierdie studie het gepoog om vas te stel of die invloed van besigheidsinkubasieprosesse en die hulpbronne wat tydens die inkubasietydperk verskaf word entrepreneurs in staat stel om hul onderneming na die inkubasietydperk in die mark te ontwikkel en laat groei. Die studie het ook probeer vasstel of besigheidsinkubators beginbesighede toerus met voldoende hulpbronne om na die inkubasietydperk in die mark te bly voortbestaan. Die studie is gebaseer op die besigheidsinkubasieteorie en die entrepreneuriese waardeskeppingsteorie. Die besigheidsinkubasieteorie het 'n aanvangsbenadering verskaf vir die identifisering van die volgende besigheidsinkubasiefases: (a) ideeformulering; (b) die besluit om voort te gaan; (c) hulpbroninsameling; (d) bekendstelling van die nuwe onderneming; en (e) ontwikkeling van die onderneming. Die entrepreneuriese waardeskeppingsteorie het gedien as 'n uitsetproses om die volgende stadiums van entrepreneuriese groei te identifiseer: (a) entrepreneursgeleentheid; (b) entrepreneursbevoegdheid; en (c) entrepreneursbeloning. Die vertolkende studie is gebaseer op 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie en triangulasie met 'n literatuuroorsig, onderhoude met besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het en fokusgroepsessies met inkubasiebestuurders en -praktisyns en program- en beleidsontwikkelaars. Die bevindinge het aangedui dat alle besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het met wie onderhoude gevoer is steeds hul besighede bedryf alhoewel sommige hul oorspronklike besigheidskonsepte gediversifiseer het. Alhoewel besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het se besighede steeds in bedryf is, ervaar hulle steeds talle uitdagings soos markversperrings en 'n gebrek aan befondsing vir kapitaal- en bedryfsbehoeftes. Dié uitdagings kon tydens die inkubasiefase geïdentifiseer en opgelos gewees het. ’n Verdere bevinding was dat besigheidsinkubators nie monitering- en evalueringstelsels het om die prestasie van besighede te assesseer en na te spoor nadat hulle 'n besigheidsinkubasieprogram voltooi en verlaat het nie, wat beteken die invloed van besigheidsinkubators is nooit voorheen gemeet nie. Onderhoude is gevoer met tien besigheidseienaars wat reeds die inkubasieprogram verlaat het en drie fokusgroepsessies is gehou met inkubasiepraktisyns en beleidsontwikkelaars. Die studie dra by tot die korpus kennis deurdat die besigheidsinkubasieteorie en die entrepreneuriese waardeskeppingsteorie 'n verband gevestig het tussen die insette wat gedurende al die besigheidsinkubasiefases gelewer word en die entrepreneuriese uitkomste wat deur die waardeskeppingsproses gegenereer word. Die studie het twee raamwerke ontwikkel. Die eerste raamwerk is gebaseer op die invloed van besigheidsinkubasiedienste op die prestasie van besighede tydens die besigheidsinkubasieproses. Die tweede raamwerk is gebaseer op die invloed van besigheidsinkubasiedienste op die prestasie van besighede nadat hulle die besigheidsinkubasieprogram verlaat het. Hierdie raamwerke het ten doel om te help met die impakbepaling en verbetering van besigheidsinkubasie-ondersteuningsdienste tydens en na inkubasie en kan in 'n teoretiese en praktiese konteks gebruik word. Die studie stel voor dat toekomstige besigheidsinkubasie-ondersteuning en -navorsing nie net beperk moet word tot 'n kwalitatiewe metodologie nie, maar dat 'n kwantitatiewe metodologie ook gebruik moet word om die invloed van die besigheidsinkubasieproses op entrepreneuriese prestasie en groei na inkubasie te meet. Abstracts in English, Setswana and Afrikaans

2025-02-01T00:00:00Z Mtolo, Zimvo https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32433 2026-05-08T18:42:41Z 2024-09-01T00:00:00Z

Empirical investigation of the effects of trade openness on poverty in South Africa and Lesotho Mtolo, Zimvo The study examined the impact of trade openness on poverty in South Africa and Lesotho separately. The study used the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach with annual data from 1980 to 2019. The study used the consumption-based measure of poverty, measured by consumption expenditure as a target variable of investigation. The study further employed three measures of trade openness, which are sum of trade to GDP, the ratio of exports to GDP, and imports to GDP ratio. The use of three proxies of trade openness allowed the study to check the robustness of the results and to examine the individual effects of exports and imports on poverty. As a contribution to existing literature, the study included a dummy variable for Lesotho to capture the effect of the structural break that occurred from 1990 resulting from retrenchments of Lesotho nationals from South African mines. The overarching aim of the study is to contribute to the ongoing literature on the extent in which trade openness impacts poverty in South Africa and Lesotho, which are members of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU). The pursuit of the present study, among other things, is motivated by SACU’s mandate highlighting the need to foster sustainable economic growth and development among member countries. Such a mandate is underpinned by a focus on generating employment opportunities and alleviating poverty in the SACU area. The study provides a comparison of how the impact of trade openness on poverty differs between South Africa which is an upper-middle income country and Lesotho which is a lower middle-income country. The comparison also considers if the results differ with different proxies of trade openness. The results show that for South Africa, in the long run and short run, trade openness does not lead to poverty reduction, irrespective of the proxy used to measure trade openness. Instead, in the long run, trade openness, proxied by the sum of trade to GDP and the ratio of imports to GDP, has a negative effect on poverty. In the short run, the sum of trade/GDP and exports/GDP are both insignificant to poverty while imports/GDP have a negative impact on poverty. For Lesotho, in the long run, sum of trade/GDP is insignificant to poverty while exports/GDP and imports/GDP have a positive effect on poverty. In the short run, the sum of trade/GDP has a positive impact on poverty, exports/GDP have a negative effect on poverty while imports/GDP are insignificant to poverty. The coefficient of the dummy variable is negative and significant in the short run, confirming the evidence of a structural break. These results suggest that policies adopted in South Africa have not brought significant poverty alleviation. This could be an indication of a situation where policies implemented over the past tend to prevent the poor from benefiting from the gains of trade openness. Based on the findings, the main recommendation for South Africa is that policymakers could review the policies in place and understand the unintended consequences of each policy on poverty reduction. Policymakers in Lesotho could ensure that they adopt policies that benefit the poor directly. If well implemented, such policies could provide relief that will protect the poor from short term adjustment costs arising from trade openness. In view of the overall findings, the current study, therefore, recommends that there be a critical review of policies to assess unintended consequences of trade openness that may lead to increased poverty and ensure alignment of policies to overall poverty reduction objectives. In this context, the study recommends that the mechanism of distributing gains from trade be reviewed to ensure that gains from trade openness, such that the returns from trade, including funds from SACU revenue, are invested towards poverty reduction.; Bofuma ke sehlooho sa bohlokwa haholo se bohareng ba Dipheo tsa Ntlafatso ya Dilemo tse Sekete le Dipheo tsa Ntlafatso ya Moshwelella jwalo ka ha di hlahiswa ke Matjhaba a Kopaneng. Kahoo, phuputso ena e batlisisa phello ya ho buleha ha kgwebo bofumeng dinaheng tse pedi tse kgethilweng tsa Mokgatlo wa Lekgetho wa Dinaha tsa Afrika e Borwa (SACU), e leng, Lesotho le Rephabliki ya Afrika Borwa. Naha ya Lesotho e nkwa e le naha e sa tswelang pele haholo mme e behilwe boemong ba naha e futsanehileng, ha Afrika Borwa e le naha e ntseng e tswela pele moruong eo hape e nkilweng e le naha e hodimo-dimo. Nako ya phuputso e akaretsa 1980 ho isa 2019, e leng nako ya sewa sa pele ho COVID-19. Phuputsong e matla ya phello ya ho buleha ha kgwebo bofumeng, phuputso e sebedisa mokgwa wa tlhahlobo ya meedi ya ho dieha ho tsamaiswa ka mokgwa o ikemetseng (ARDL) ho kopanya. Kaha maemo a bofuma a ntse a tswela pele Afrika Borwa le Lesotho, sepheo se seholo sa phuputso ena ke ho kenya letsoho dipatlisisong tsa hore na ho buleha ha kgwebo ya matjhaba ho ama bofuma hakae dinaheng tse kgethilweng tsa SACU. Takatso ya phuputso ya jwale, hara tse ding, e susumetswa ke thomo ya SACU e totobatsang tlhokeho ya ho kgothalletsa kgolo le ntlafatso ya moruo wa moshwelella hara dinaha tseo e leng ditho. Thomo e jwalo e tshehetswa ke tsepamiso ya maikutlo hodima ho hlahisa menyetla ya mesebetsi le ho fokotsa bofuma sebakeng sa SACU. Kemedi ya bofuma e sebedisitsweng phuputsong ena ke Malapa le Mekgatlo e sa Etsang Phaello e Sebeletsang ditshenyehelo tsa Malapa tsa ho qetela tsa tshebediso ya motho ka mong tse lekantsweng ka 2015 US$ kamehla. Tlhaloso ya kemedi ena ke hore ha ditshenyehelo tsa ho qetela tsa tshebediso ya tjhelete ya malapa di le hodimo, ho fokotsa sekgahla sa bofuma. Diphetoho tse hlalosang tse sebedisitsweng tlhahlobong di kenyelletsa ho buleha ha kgwebo, e emetsweng ke thepa e iswang kantle ho naha le e tswang kahare ho naha e le karolo ya Kakaretso ya Dihlahiswa tsa Lehae (GDP), ho phahama ha ditheko ho emetsweng ke Indekse ya Theko ya Moreki, kgolo ya moruo e emetsweng ke GDP motho ka mong, le thuto e emetsweng ke tshebediso ya tjhelete ya mmuso thutong e le peresente ya GDP. Diphetho tse matla di senola diphumano tse latelang mabapi le hore na ho buleha ha kgwebo ho ama bofuma ka nako e kgutshwane le nako e telele jwang: sa pele, bakeng sa Afrika Borwa, phuputso e fumana hore phapang ya ho buleha ha kgwebo e bonahala ka dipalo ka katisi e mpe. Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore keketseho ya ho buleha ha kgwebo e amahanngwa le ho theoha ha ditshenyehelo tsa tshebediso ya tjhelete malapeng, ho lebisang ho, keketseho ya bofuma. Ha ho bapiswa, phuputso e fumana hore ho phahama ha ditheko ho na le dipalo palo tse nang le katisi e mpe, ho bolelang hore ho eketseha ha ho phahama ha ditheko ho lebisang ho ho fokotseha ha ditshenyehelo tsa tshebediso ya ditjhelete ya malapa le keketseho e tsamaellang ya bofuma. Phuputso e fumana hore kgolo ya moruo e bonahala ka dipalo-palo ka katisi e ntle, e leng se bontshang hore ha kgolo ya moruo e ntlafala, lekeno la tjhelete la malapa le lona e ya ntlafala, kahoo bofuma bo a fokotseha. Ho phaella moo, thuto e bonahala ka dipalo-palo tse nang le katisi e ntle, e bolelang hore keketseho ya ditshenyehelo tsa mmuso thutong e lebisa ho eketseha ha ditshenyehelo tsa tshebediso ya tjhelete ya malapa le ho fokotseha ho tsamaellanang ha bofuma. Diphetho tsa Afrika Borwa di kenya letsoho diphuputsong tse teng tse fumaneng hore ho buleha ha kgwebo ho kenya letsoho hampe phokotsong ya bofuma. Sena se bolela hore ho buleha kgwebong ho amahanngwa le ho fokotseha ha ditshenyehelo tsa tshebediso ya tjhelete ya malapa, kahoo bofuma bo a eketseha. Bakeng sa Lesotho, diphumano tsa hona jwale di dumellana le diphumano tse fetileng, ho latela moo ho fumanweng hore bolokolohi ba kgwebo ha bo fetole phokotso ya bofuma dinaheng tse sa tswelang pele moruong. Diphetho tsa Lesotho di bontsha hore thuto ke yona feela e fapaneng e nang le kamano e kgolo le bofuma. Sena se bolela hore keketseho ya ditshenyehelo tsa mmuso thutong e baka keketseho ya ditshenyehelo tsa tshebediso ya ditjhelete ya malapa, le ho fokotseha ha bofuma kamora moo. Dikatisi tsa ho buleha ha kgwebo, ho phahama ha ditheko le kgolo ya moruo ha di na thuso ho latela dipalo. Diphetho tsena di fana ka maikutlo a hore maano a amohetsweng Lesotho ha a so ka a tlisa phokotso ya bofuma. Sena e ka ba sesupo sa boemo boo maano a kentsweng tshebetsong nakong e fetileng a atisang ho thibela mafutsana ho rua molemo melemong ya ho buleha ha kgwebo, kgolo ya moruo le thuto e ntlafetseng. Ka hona, baetsi ba maano ba Lesotho ba ka nahana ho hlahloba maano a hajwale le ho supa maano a tla fella ka hore ho be le basebetsi ba atlehang le ba amanang le phokotso ya bofuma. Bakeng sa Afrika Borwa, baetsi ba maano ba ka hlahloba maano a teng le ho utlwisisa diphello tse sa lebellwang tsa leano le leng le le leng la phokotso ya bofuma. Ka lebaka la diphumano tse akaretsang, phuputso ya hajwale e kgothalletsa hore ho be le tshekatsheko e hlokolosi ya melemo e fumanwang ponahatsong ya kgwebo, e le hore dipoelo tse tswang kgwebong, ho kenyeletswa le ditjhelete tse tswang lekenong la SACU, di tle di tsetelwe bakeng sa phokotso ya bofuma. Sena se ka etswa ka sepheo se hlakileng sa ho utlwisisa phello e sebetsang ya maano a jwalo ho ba futsanehileng ka nako e kgutshwane le e telele. Abstracts and keywords in English and Southern Sotho

2024-09-01T00:00:00Z Baloyi, Joyce https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32417 2026-04-30T12:42:58Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

A model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention within the science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (stem) field Baloyi, Joyce The primary aim of this study was to develop a model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention within science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) field. The secondary aim was to determine the demographic characteristics of employees (gender, marital status, age, educational qualifications and tenure) moderating their retention. A cross–sectional quantitative research design was followed, using explanatory and descriptive research. The data was collected through an online survey, with a questionnaire administered to a sample of 458 engineering employees in South Africa to collect the biographical information and measure their employee engagement, motivation and resilience for retention. The Employee Engagement Instrument of Nienaber and Martins (2014) was used to measure the three dimensions of employee engagement; the Work Preference Inventory of Amabile (1987) to measure the two dimensions of motivation; the Stress Adaptation Scale of Phan et al. (2019a) to measure the two dimensions of employee resilience; and the Turnover Intention Scale 6 of Roodt (2004) to measure employee retention. Based on the literature review, a theoretical model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention in STEM was developed and empirically tested through structural equation modelling (SEM). Regression analysis was performed using the dependent variable employee retention (turnover intention) and the independent variables employee engagement, motivation and employee resilience. These variables were entered into the model to explain their total variance in terms of employee retention. The three independent variables explained 38% (large effect size) of the variance in turnover intentions. This suggests that the total variance in the dependent variable is explained by the three independent variables. The results revealed significant relationships between the three independent variables. Specifically, they revealed employee engagement as the significant predictor of turnover intention. A final model of employee engagement, motivation and resilience for women retention within STEM was developed based on the statistical analysis with simplified representations of complex systems, processes or behaviours for understanding how to create an environment to allow women in STEM to be engaged, motivated and resilient to thrive amid challenges. Based on the research results, recommendations are made for industrial psychology professionals to advance employee engagement, motivation and resilience for retention practices in STEM.; Maikaelelomagolo a thutopatlisiso eno e ne e le go dira sekao ka go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, go rotloediwa ga bone le boitsetsepelo jwa bone go netefatsa gore badiri ba basadi ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong ya mo maphateng a Saense, Thekenoloji, Boenjeneri kgotsa Mmetshe (STEM). Maikaelelo a bobedi e ne e le go tlhomamisa dipharologantsho tsa dipalopalo tsa badiri go laola netefatso ya gore ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong, dipharologantsho tsa bong, maemo a lenyalo, dingwaga, dithutego le pakatiro. Go latetswe mokgwa wa tlhomamiso e e sekasekang dipalopalo tse di kgobokantsweng ka nako e e rileng, ka go dirisa tlhotlhomiso e e tlhalosang tiragalo e e rileng le gore ke goreng e diragetse. Go kgobokantswe deitha ka go dirisa patlisiso ya mo inthaneteng, ka lenaanepotso le le dirisitsweng mo sampoleng ya badiri ba le 458 ba baenjeneri mo Aforika Borwa go kgobokanya tshedimosetso ka ga botshelo jwa bone le go lekanya go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, go rotloediwa ga bone le boitsetsepelo jwa bone go netefatsa go tswelela go nna teng ga bone mo tirong. Go dirisitswe sediriswa se se lekanyang go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong (Nienaber & Martins 2014) go lekanya matlhakore a le mararo a go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong; go dirisitswe lenaanepotso la gore ba kgothadiwa ke eng kgotsa ba nyemisiwa mooko ke eng ka tiro ya bone (Amabile 1987) go lekanya matlhakore a mabedi a thotloetso; go dirisitswe sekale sa bokgoni jwa go dira sentle mo maemong a kgatelelomaikutlo (Phan et al. 2019a) go lekanya matlhakore a mabedi a boitsetsepelo jwa badiri; mme go dirisitswe sekale se se lekanyang tshwetso le keletso ya badiri go batla tiro e nngwe go sele sa 6 (Roodt 2004) go lekanya netefatso ya go tswelela go nna le badiri mo tirong. Go ya ka tshekatsheko ya dikwalo, sekao sa tiori sa go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, go rotloediwa ga bone go netefatsa gore badiri ba basadi ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong mo STEM se dirilwe le go lekeletswa ka go dirisa mekgwatiriso e e farologaneng ya go sekaseka dikamano tse di raraaneng fa gare ga dilekanngwa tse di lebeletsweng ka tlhamalalo le tse di sa lebelelwang ka tlhamalalo (SEM). Go diragaditswe tshekatsheko e e bonelang pele dipalopalo ka go dirisa selekanngwa se se ikaegileng ka se sengwe sa go netefatsa gore badiri ba tswelela go nna teng kwa tirong (tshwetso le keletso ya badiri go batla tiro e nngwe go sele) le dilekanngwa tse di ka fetolwang ke motlhotlhomisi go bona dipholo tse di farologaneng mo go akanyediweng ga badiri mo tirong ya viii bone, go rotloediwa le boitsetsepelo jwa badiri. Dilekanngwa tseno di tsentswe mo sekaong go tlhalosa pharologano yotlhe ya tsone malebana le netefatso ya go tswelela go nna le badiri mo tirong. Dilekanngwa tse tharo tse di kgonang go fetolwa di tlhalositse 38.0% (pharologano ya botlhokwa) ya pharologano mo ditshwetsong le dikeletso tsa go batla tiro e nngwe go sele. Seno se tshitsinya gore pharologano yotlhe mo selekanngweng se se ikaegileng ka tse dingwe e tlhalosiwa ke dilekanngwa tse tharo tse di kgonang go fetolwa. Dipholo di senotse dikamano tsa botlhokwa fa gare ga dilekanngwa tse tharo tse motlhotlhomisi o kgonang go di fetola go fitlhelela dipholo tse di farologaneng. Segolo bogolo, di senotse go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong jaaka sebonelapele sa botlhokwa sa tshwetso le keletso ya modiri go batla tiro e e botoka go sele. Sekao sa bofelo sa go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, thotloetso le boitsetsepelo go netefatsa gore badiri ba basadi ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong ya mo STEM se tlhamilwe go ikaegile ka tshekatsheko ya dipalopalo tse di nang le ditlhaloso tse di nolofaditsweng tsa mekgwatsamaiso e e raraaneng, ditirego tse di rileng kgotsa maitsholo a go tlhaloganya tsela ya go tlhama maemo a a neelang basadi ba ba mo STEM tšhono ya tsaya karolo, go rotloediwa le go nna le boitsetsepelo gore ba atlege le fa ba dikaganyeditswe ke dikgwetlho. Go ikaegile ka dipholo tsa tlhotlhomiso, go atlanegisiwa gore baporofešenale ba ba tsepamisang mo maitsholong a badiri mo lefelotirong la bone ba tsweledise go akanyediwa ga badiri mo tirong, thotloetso ya bone le boitsetsepelo jwa bone go direla mekgwatiriso ya go netefatsa gore ba tswelela go nna teng mo tirong ya mo STEM.; Inhloso eyinhloko yalolu cwaningo kwakuwukusungula imodeli yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa kwabesifazane ngaphakathi kwemikhakha yeSayensi, Ubuchwepheshe, Ubunjiniyela noma Izibalo noma Science, Technology, Engineering or Mathematics (STEM). Inhloso yesibili kwakuwukunquma izici zezibalo zabasebenzi abalinganisa ukugcinwa kwabo, okungukuthi ubulili, isimo somshado, ubudala, iziqu zemfundo kanye neminyaka yokusebenza. Kwalandelwa idizayini yocwaningo lobuningi obuhlukene, kusetshenziswa ucwaningo oluchazayo noluchazayo. Idatha yaqoqwa ngocwaningo lwe-inthanethi, nohlu lwemibuzo olunikezwe isampula yabasebenzi bonjiniyela abangama-458 eNingizimu Afrika ukuze baqoqe imininingwane yabo yezomlando kanye nokukala ukusebenzelana kwabo nabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina ukuze bagcinwe. Ithuluzi lokubandakanya abasebenzi (u-Nienaber & Martins 2014) lasetshenziswa ukukala izilinganiso ezintathu zokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi; i-inventory yezintandokazi zomsebenzi (Amabile 1987) yasetshenziswa ukukala izilinganiso ezimbili zokugqugquzela; isikali sokuzivumelanisa nezimo zokucindezeleka (Phan et al. 2019a) sasetshenziswa ukukala izinhlangothi ezimbili zokuqina kwabasebenzi; kanye nesikali senhloso yesi-6 (Roodt 2004) sasetshenziswa ukukala ukugcinwa kwabasebenzi. Ngokusekelwe ekubuyekezweni kwezincwadi, imodeli yetiyetha yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa kwabesifazane ku-STEM yathuthukiswa futhi yavivinywa ngokwamandla isakhiwo semodeli yezibalo noma nge-structural equation modeling (SEM). Ukuhlaziywa kokuhlehla kwenziwa kusetshenziswa ukugcinwa kwabasebenzi okuncikile (inhloso yenzuzo) kanye nokuhlukahluka okuzimele kokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kwabasebenzi. Lokhu okuguquguqukayo kwafakwa kumodeli ukuze kuchazwe ukuhluka kwazo okuphelele mayelana nokugcinwa kwabasebenzi. Okuhluka okuthathu okuzimele kuchaze ama-38.0% (usayizi womphumela omkhulu) wokuhluka kwezinhloso zenzuzo. Lokhu kuphakamisa ukuthi ukuhluka okuphelele kokuhluka okuncikile kuchazwa yiziguquguquko ezintathu ezizimele. Imiphumela iveze ubudlelwano obubalulekile phakathi kweziguquko ezintathu ezizimele. Ngokukhethekile, baveze ukuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi njengesibikezelo esibalulekile senhloso yenzuzo. Imodeli yokugcina yokuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kokugcinwa x kwabesifazane ngaphakathi kwe-STEM yathuthukiswa ngokusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezibalo ngezethulo ezilula zezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi, izinqubo noma ukuziphatha ukuze kuqondwe indlela yokudala indawo yokuvumela abesifazane ku-STEM ukuba bahlanganyele, bagqugquzelwe futhi baqine ukuze baphumelele phakathi kwezinselele. Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yocwaningo, izincomo zenzelwe ochwepheshe bezengqondo yezezimboni ukuqhubekisela phambili ukuzibandakanya kwabasebenzi, ugqozi kanye nokuqina kwezinqubo zokugcinwa ku-STEM.

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z Mafeta, Lehlohonolo Godfrey Madiba, Amahle Tjano, Robert Nicky https://ir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/32397 2026-04-28T18:37:52Z 2026-01-01T00:00:00Z

The Effect of Socio-Economic and Energy-Related Factors on Environmental Degradation in South Africa: An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Approach Mafeta, Lehlohonolo Godfrey; Madiba, Amahle; Tjano, Robert Nicky Over the past two decades, the world has experienced significant and relentless increase in environmental degradation, measured through carbon emissions (CO2). These emissions have been one of the persistent global concerns. South Africa boosts abundance of natural resources and some of the world’s most substantial mineral deposits endowment in the form of precious metals, diamonds and gold. The paper aims to examine impact of socio-economic and energy-related factors on environmental degradation from South African perspective. Using multivariate annual data spanning from 1991 to 2022, Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ADRL) was employed to determine both short-run and long-run impact of financial development (FD), renewable energy(RE), non-renewable energy (NRE), unemployment rate (UNE), economic growth (GDPPC), and population growth (PoPG) on CO2 emission. The results show that FD, RE, GDPPC, and PoPG promote environmental quality in the long run while NRE has opposite impact. The study thus calls for actions by relevant policymakers to stimulate economic growth and promote access to climate change finance, thereby encouraging investment in green energy technologies and consumption, to enhance and promote environmental quality in South Africa

2026-01-01T00:00:00Z